tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46003058794101951742024-03-08T07:02:23.497-08:00I need help writing a essayEssay Topics For A Child Called ItAdriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-80097451286462172322020-09-03T01:42:00.001-07:002020-09-03T01:42:05.435-07:00Stone Butch BluesCommented on Bibliography Essay In light of the writer examination of online learning condition and distinctive learning styles; it appears that electronic learning condition is an astounding vehicle for improving learning, because of its capacity to acclimate to singular understudy learning styles and inclinations. The article researches the effect of understudies learning style and their exhibition. Online degrees have expanded since 2006. More students are turning out to be all the more innovatively shrewd, and it is those students that are mechanically awkward, who depends on instructional structure from study hall settings and connection with teachers and friends. The examination prompts the appraisal and learning style on understudy accomplishment in a Web based learning condition. On the off chance that it was simply a question of instructional learning it would be a solid match for all, in any case, all doesn't have innovation capacities. On the off chance that all students had these capacities, electronic learning styles would increment. Electronic instructional structure modules are not decisive to certain learning styles. Thought ought to be given to the students attributes whether the student can get a handle on the material by means of the online guidance. Students ought to consider their learning style, persuasive level, capacity to connect with the teacher and their companions. Be that as it may, without these capacities, studentsââ¬â¢ learning styles will be affected in light of the fact that they do not have the capacities to learn through online guidance modules. Lai, I K. W. Lam, F.K.S. (2010). Impression of different execution measures by partners in the development division in Hong Kong. Exploration is directed to look at changed purposes of perspectives on the significance of execution results in a development venture in Hong Kong. ANOVA was utilized to break down the information comparative with how the exhibitions were estimated. Exhibitions were estimated utilizing a presentation rules beginning with the most significant first, which is time. Opportune fulfillment of an undertaking would forestall loss of income and penalities to the contractual worker. Lai and Lam noticed that development ventures require succinct arran ging, and areâ divided between the specialist and the temporary worker. Be that as it may, each gathering has a huge impact in the projectsââ¬â¢ achievement. The distinction between the customer and the contractual worker; the customer typically push for ideal culmination and would offer a motivation reward for opportune finish, be that as it may, the temporary worker would lean toward a sensible length of time, in this way to keep away from penalities to the contract based worker. The customer, advisor, and the contractual worker, all parterner together to make the venture a triumph by bringing work fulfillment, quality, wellbeing, condition, age of imaginative thoughts, execution measures, and adequacy to the undertaking. Staying away from any disasters that will postpone or shield the undertaking from running easily. Williams, A BTM7101-8 Activity 6, pg 2 The consequences of the examination found that time was the most significant factor of the task and ought to be mulled over right off the bat in the arranging procedure, and certain stipends ought to be considered into the financial plan, for example, time limitations, postponements, and incidents that could occur during the development of the undertaking. References Wang, K.H., Wang, J.H., Wang, W.L. Huang, S.C. (2006) Learning styles and developmental evaluation methodology: improving understudy accomplishment in Web-based learning Wang T., Wang K., Wang W., Huang S. Chen S. (2004) Web-based Assessment and Test Analyses (WATA) framework: improvement and assessment. Diary of Computer Assisted Learning 20, 59ââ¬71 Passage N. Chen S. (2000) Individual contrasts, hypermedia route and learning: an observational investigation. Diary of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9, 281ââ¬312. Seckel, S. (2007 Characteristics and Responsibilities of Successful e-Learners LAI, I. K. W. (2010). View of Various execution rules by stateholders in the development part in Hong kong. Assaf, S.A. what's more, Al-Hejji, S. (2006) Causes of deferral in enormous development ventures. Universal Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 349-57. Naoum, S. (2003) A review into the idea of parternering . Worldwide Journal of Project Management 21(1), 71-6. PAH (2008) Project Administration Handbook for Civil Engineeering Works, 2008 Edition. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-24682842201216071912020-08-22T17:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T17:44:19.990-07:00How Fast Food Affects Child Obesity Free EssaysHeftiness has become and expanding issue in the United States for as far back as hardly any years. Has it influenced grown-ups as well as now kids at a disturbing rate. Inexpensive food is the reason for a great deal of overweight youngsters and should be tended to right away. We will compose a custom article test on How Fast Food Affects Child Obesity or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now As indicated by CBS news, billions of dollars every year are spent purchasing cheap food. Guardians have become sluggish with regards to giving their kids fundamental thing supplements. I feel just as kids are turning out to be increasingly overweight on the grounds that theyââ¬â¢re eating swelling nourishments and not having any extracurricular exercises. Schools must turn out to be increasingly mindful of the circumstance and focus on physical training. On the off chance that specific schools donââ¬â¢t authorize physical training, at that point the guardians need to include their youngsters in after school exercises. CBS news communicates worry that kids are getting increasingly inclined to genuine wellbeing dangers and life changing sicknesses on account of weight. Quick nourishments are loaded up with high dosages of sugar, fats, starch and salts which are served in huge bits. Rutuja Jathar feels customers are deceived by cheap food organizations in light of their low costs yet obviously are following through on a significant expense with regards to their wellbeing. I have seen narratives and unscripted TV dramas, for example, supersize me, inexpensive food country and the eventual fate of food which talk about overweight kids and grown-ups who are continually eating greasy nourishments and drinking a lot of pop each day. Guardians don't understand the measure of harm they are causing and possibly driving their youngster to death. I accept that youngsters who are overweight are influenced genuinely as well as sincerely and intellectually. In light of individual encounters youngsters who have been overweight for dominant part of their lives are bound to get discouraged, prodded and may prompt different hazardous courses, for example, self destruction. To help my announcement an article called ââ¬Å"Childhood Obesity: Effects on your Childâ⬠says being overweight can cause low confidence, conduct and learning issues, stress and uneasiness, comfort eating and gloom. They become extremely unsure and modest on the grounds that they feel as if individuals will take a gander at them distinctively because of their weight. Youngsters who are corpulent are not to fault; itââ¬â¢s the guardians who are to blame. A youngster just does what their folks permit them to do. Kids don't have cash to go out and purchase these nourishments for their selves; their folks to do it. Guardians need to turn out to be progressively mindful with regards to what their youngsters are eating. A youngster doesn't have the foggiest idea about any better however their folks do. As indicated by Rutuja Jatharââ¬â¢s article examines show that young men and young ladies between the ages of four and nineteen eat cheap food all the time. That would incorporates stuffing nourishments from McDonalds as well as from cafés, for example, Fridayââ¬â¢s, Chiliââ¬â¢s, Cheesecake Factory, and so on. It is my conviction that guardians are empowering their youngsters to live undesirable lives which will lead them on a way of ceaseless medical problems. Additionally kids are as yet developing so they need the fundamental nutrients to help with their development. An article posted by Michael Adams state that measurements are demonstrating that somewhere in the range of 10% and 15% of kids inside the United States are overweight and does exclude the ones who are in danger of getting overweight. He likewise examines different variables that add to youngsters being overweight, for example, TV, computer games and promoting. Intriguing enough he discusses most guardians living rushed lives so as a rule they donââ¬â¢t have the opportunity to set up a sound dinner and consequently resort to cheap food. It keeps saying the terrible part regarding it is that guardians who have that feverish way of life wind up making it an ordinary routine where their youngsters are eating cheap food. Adams makes a significant point expressing that if a kid needs a twofold cheddar burger, an enormous request of fries and coke that kid will wind up expending 1340 calories and 53 grams of fat in one supper. Grown-ups are to devour 2,000 calories per day and youngster s not as much as that. Fundamentally what Adams is attempting to state is youngsters are eating an entire days worth of calories and fat in one supper. To calm this emergency guardians can take a gander at progressively innovative methods of serving their children more beneficial food. Rutuja Jathar says that inexpensive food doesnââ¬â¢t make a kid full, but since of the high measure of starch in the servings they will just get hungrier. Accordingly they will get more weight. A thought that guardians can use to get their children eating more beneficial is to make them engaged with setting up their own suppers. Along these lines children will be increasingly roused to eat the more beneficial decision and will feel a feeling of achievement. Rather than searing the nourishments attempt to utilize more beneficial strategies for cooking, for example, preparing and searing. Additionally like I expressed before getting youngsters engaged with extracurricular exercises will assist kids with consuming off the starches and fat. To finish up kid stoutness is turning into an expanding issue. Kids who are experiencing childhood in todayââ¬â¢s society who are hefty are well on the way to be fat into adulthood. We need to quit rationalizing with respect to why this issue is the thing that it is. These youngsters are not increasing the value of their lives and can kick the bucket at such youthful ages. Cheap food assumes an enormous job in the measure of overweight youngsters yet it isn't to be faulted. Guardians are liable for the job of their youngsters and must improve. Specialists must improve likewise with regards to instructing guardians about the significant supplements and nourishments their kids need remain solid. Our general public needs to urge children to turn out to be increasingly dynamic and pick more advantageous dietary patterns. The youngsters are our future and without them there wouldnââ¬â¢t be one. The most effective method to refer to How Fast Food Affects Child Obesity, Essay models Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-67720276745946224082020-08-21T15:26:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:26:08.327-07:00Negative Consequences of Health Care Reform AssignmentNegative Consequences of Health Care Reform - Assignment Example The human services experts, social insurance offices, and medication organizations increment their charging charges, charging the administration (Hirschey, 2008). The administration mediation could misshape the medicinal services advertise. In 2008, the Agency Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) saw that $24 million is lost through misrepresentation, waste, and maltreatment of the U.S. social insurance framework (Pyrek, 2011). The present social insurance program negatively powers the monetarily capable people to pay for the free medicinal services advantages of poor people and jobless inhabitants. The outcomes would be misuse. Misuse manifests when one gathering exploits another person. Free social insurance administrations debilitate the sluggish from securing positions. The center salary workers are required to pay for the sluggish individualââ¬â¢s doctor's visit expenses. The center salary people must compensation a fine for not paying for poor and apathetic individualsââ¬â¢ social insurance costs. In view of the above conversation, social insurance change has numerous scenes. Different players pay for poor people and apathetic personsââ¬â¢ doctor's visit expenses. Extortion and charging misuse crop up. Obviously, there are ominous outcomes of medicinal services Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-61540753650807179752020-06-06T20:50:00.001-07:002020-06-06T20:50:02.824-07:00A New Beginning Beginning something different can be very scary. Being alone and learning to be independent can be a scary thing also. Going to college itself can be scary. You just have to learn how to get through it. You never know what different outcomes may come out of it. People can think different of you just because you go to college. They may say, "Oh. She think she smarter than me just because she go to college." You just have to learn how to handle them. You face a lot of changes when entering college. One thing that changed for me was my long time relationship that I had with a boy that I truly fell in love with. He told me that because I was going to school so far away that he wouldn't be able to trust me and that he wouldn't be able to express his love 254 miles away. What I learned from it was that he wasn't worth my time anymore. He didn't deserve me. And he used the fact that I was going to college to tell me that he didn't want to be with me anymore. But I got over it. And when you get to college, you meet so many new people. You're with people that are on the same level of maturity as you are. Once you get to know these people, you don't want to go back to the friends or boyfriends you had before. You will not only have problems back at home but you will also have problems at school. Some people have roomate issues or they feel like they don't fit in. These are things that you will overcome throughout your college life. So now I will end this because I don't want to be late for class. But I will try to submit another update soon. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-12751191698755393822020-05-17T06:37:00.001-07:002020-05-17T06:37:07.263-07:00The Syrian Refugee Crisis Is An Outcome Of The Civil War POLICY MEMORANDUM #1 To: Dr. Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary General From: Dr. Amena Al-Diri, Strategic Advisor to OCHA-Syria Subject: Proposal to solve the Syrian civil war in the UN Security Council Date: 09/22/2015 _____________________________________________________________________________ Executive Summary The Syrian refugee crisis is an outcome of the civil war that has suffered this country over four years. Therefore, a solution to this conflict is urgently needed to stop the humanitarian tragedy and the flood of refugees. In Syriaââ¬â¢s civil war, the critical mass participation of local and international actors, with different priorities, perceptions and interests, has dramatically reduced the likelihood of a negotiated or military solution. In this context, the United Nation Security Council is the most suitable and pragmatic space to lead and seek for a multilateral solution, instead of continuing with these failed unilateral or bilateral military interventions that have taken place in Syria. The UN Security Council should promote a converging and problem-solving approach between Russia, the United States and other regional powers involved in Syriaââ¬â¢s crisis, like Saudi Arabia and Iran; and then try to negotiate with the Government, rebels and paramilitary groups, as wel l as define an international strategy to defeat Jihadists. Background and Problem Statement ââ¬Å"A political solution to the crisis in Syria needs to be found. Until then, displacementShow MoreRelatedThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1366 Words à |à 6 Pagesrefused to take responsibility for their actions. The same thing is happening in modern day America due to a 4 year long civil war, in Syria, and a mounting war on terrorism, in the United States. Syrians are fleeing their country because of the impending civil war, of 4 years, between those loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those who oppose him, the rebels. Accepting refugees from war torn countries has always been something the United States has done, even if it caused some controversy. However,Read MoreRefugee Crisis Is The Country Of Hopes And Dreams1232 Words à |à 5 Pagesour country, we should accept Syrian refugees into the United States because the Refugee Crisis is a serious problem, accepting refugees is an act of Congress, and helping refugees is the humane thing to do. 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The number of refugees has grown steadily and has reached a disturbing number of 235,000 according Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-22803926450060267892020-05-06T18:57:00.001-07:002020-05-06T18:57:06.132-07:00In Reality Therapy The Environment Or - 797 Words In reality therapy, the environment or counseling or psychotherapeutic atmosphere includes which of the following? Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above Correct Answer: d. All of the above Question 2 2 out of 2 points DBT was initially developed to treat: Answer Selected Answer: d. Borderline personality disorder Correct Answer: d. Borderline personality disorder Question 3 2 out of 2 points The developer of dialectical behavior therapy is: Answer Selected Answer: a. Dr. Marsha Linehan Correct Answer: a. Dr. Marsha Linehan Question 4 2 out of 2 points In choice theory, human motivation springs from which of these five sources? Answer Selected Answer: b. Survival, belonging, power,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Answer Selected Answer: d. All of the above Correct Answer: d. All of the above Question 12 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is not consistent with REBT theory? Answer Selected Answer: a. Events or other people make us feel bad or good. Correct Answer: a. Events or other people make us feel bad or good. Question 13 0 out of 2 points In the A-B-C model proposed by Ellis, the factor that creates the emotional and behavioral consequences is: Answer Selected Answer: a. Activating event Correct Answer: c. Beliefs Question 14 2 out of 2 points _____________ is the behavioral intervention used to gradually increase the quality of a behavior. Answer Selected Answer: a. Shaping Correct Answer: a. Shaping Question 15 0 out of 2 points DBT targets behaviors in descending order beginning with ________. Answer Selected Answer: a. triggers Correct Answer: c. suicidal behavior Question 16 2 out of 2 points According to REBT, certain values promote emotional adjustment and mental health. Which of the following is not one of these values? Answer Selected Answer: b. Low frustration tolerance Correct Answer: b. Low frustration tolerance Question 17 2 out of 2 points DBT utilizes a behavioral technique in which the client learns to tolerate painful emotions without enacting self-destructive behaviors known as:Show MoreRelatedThe For Reality Therapy, The Environment Needs For A Good Rapport With The Client1228 Words à |à 5 Pages For Reality Therapy, the environment needs to be friendly. It is important to build a good rapport with the client so that the client will trust the counselor. Roles between the counselor and the client should be clear. The counselor should provide a needs-satisfying environment, physical and emotional safety, and security connectedness. the office should be a fun space, but at the same time the counselor should not accept excuses for irresponsible behavior. The therapist might begin the therapeuticRead MoreReality Therapy915 Words à |à 4 PagesReality Therapy was developed by psychiatrist William Glasser (1925). By 1962 Reality Therapy was complete, and Glasser then revised William Powersââ¬â¢ Control Theory and renamed it Choice Theory in 1996. The New Reality Theory claims that most clients share the same basic dilemma: an unhappy relationship with a significant person in their life. The main goal of this therapy is to support clients in connecting with the people they wish to include in their quality world, which is the world they wouldRead MoreVictims Of Fear : The Social Psychology Of Repression1702 Words à |à 7 Pages The employment of torture to an individual not only leaves a physical and psychological mark, but creates an altered reality that the victim must now adjust to. The authors of Victims of Fear: The Social Psychology of Repression, argue that ââ¬Å"Like all experiences of trauma, the torture experience needs to be worked through in the context in which it occurred by reconstructing and reliving it in all its horror and thereby coming to terms with its personal and social meaningâ⬠(Salimovich,80). AlternativelyRead MoreThe Field Of Occupational Therapy1216 W ords à |à 5 Pagesoccupational therapy during the mechanistic paradigm of the 1960ââ¬â¢s. In the last few years of this decade, occupational therapy was beginning to divert back to its original, holistic focus. Occupation as a health-restoring measure, with emphasis on the person and environment, was becoming the focal point (Flick, 2015). Elizabeth Yerxa, a registered occupational therapist, emerged as a leader during this time with contributions to the philosophical foundation and values of the occupational therapy professionRead MoreEssay on Treating Phobias1119 Words à |à 5 Pagessituationââ¬âis a catchall category for any phobias other than agoraphobia and social phobia. Specific phobia can be divided further into four other subcategories. The four categories are situational phobia, fear of natural environments, animal phobias, and blood-injection-injury phobia (p521). By definition, phobias are irrational, meaning that they interfere with oneââ¬â¢s everyday life or daily routine. For example, if your fear of high places prevents you from crossingRead MoreWhat I Think About Behavioral Therapy938 Words à |à 4 Pages Behavioral therapy can be used in a variety of psychological disorders, which makes it ideal for many therapist. What I liked most about this theory and feel that will be something I would use was, assertion training. Many people that we come across lack the confidence to excel because they lack ways to express themselves and by utilizing this technique, they will be able to replace maladaptive social skills with new skills(Corey, 2013, pg. 264). This technique is very universal and can be usedRead MoreVirtual Reality Therapy ( Vrt ) And Hypnosis1645 Words à |à 7 PagesFew experiences are more agonizing than the pain accompanying severe burn injuries. Virtual reality therapy (VRT) and hypnosis are two convincing and fascinating treatments for the procedural pain experienced by burn patients. The patients that are hospitalised due to these injuries undergo routine wound care procedures ââ¬â cleansing and removing dead tissue to prevent infection - that are so excruciating hat e ven the use of aggressive analgesics (opioids) cannot control the pain (Rd 1/Rd 3). It isRead MoreBehavior Therapy Is A Psychological Approach1241 Words à |à 5 PagesBehavior therapy is a psychological approach focusing on observable behavior determined by the environment and the history of interactions between the individual and his environment. For example, learning is described as a ââ¬Å"modification of the observable behavior, due to the change in the force with which is associated a response to external stimuli (outer environment) or internal stimuli (internal environment) to the body.â⬠(Corey 2013 p.250) My understand of Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapyRead MoreUnited States Armed Forces Veterans1626 Words à |à 7 Pageson the rise. Historically there has been a population of individuals that served their country however, when they returned home they were under-served. Many combat veterans returned home only to face new challenges with adjusting to the dynamic environment around them. United States Armed Forces Veterans are confronted with evolved challenges such as; the advent of social media, and increase in news outlets which can keep a steady stream conflict flowing into the veterans home, impairing a veteranââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Existential And Postmodern Approaches1275 Words à |à 6 Pagesrelationship is defined, therapy is then a process with a purpose; for example, the resolution of clientsââ¬â¢ problems. To achieve the treatment that the patient needs, the innovative approach must attain the goal for the patientââ¬â¢s point of mutual interest with the t herapist, who also has a common interest in resolving the patientââ¬â¢s problems. Addressing the patientââ¬â¢s problems means accomplishing some changes in the way the client perceives, thinks, feels, sees their reality. This small detail requires Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-62098937952850994932020-05-06T00:19:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:19:15.850-07:00The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Na Essay Example For Students The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Na Essay rrative Life Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass shows several instances in which his personal accounts of slavery are highlighted. These instances illustrate important realizations that Douglass makes concerning slavery, and/or about his own condition. The very first chapter of the novel produces the first example: loss of identity. Many slaves had absolutely no concept of time, in terms of factual dates. Slaves were kept ignorant as to the facts of the real world, in most cases not even knowing the year of their birth, preventing the knowledge of a captives true age. A birthday is something with which people can identify, as they are a celebrated part of our culture, especially to youth. Douglass here identifies himself as a human being lacking what we may consider a normal childhood simply through the use of dates. We identify ourselves by the dates which surround the events of our lives. Part of our identity is formed from dates and this was a privilege he was denied. He is, however, provided with a general idea as to how old he truly is, I come to this from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old (Douglass 1). Adding to this already tarnished identity is the status of his parental figures. While Douglass somewhat got to know his mother, he never really had a father. His father, according to practically everyone, was a white man, ...opinion was also whispered that my master was my father.. . (1). Although it is true that he knew his mother, it must be noted that they were separated while he was an infant and thereafter only met a total of four or five times. The consequences of not knowing who you really are may not have phased Douglass much during his childhood. However as he grew older and began to understand how the politics of slavery work, there is no doubt that this lack of principle human right (to which everyone should be entitled) certainly motivated Douglass towards achieving his goal of freedom. A major fear amongst slave owners is that their slaves will learn to read and write. One reason is because the less they know they better off the owner would be. The slave would then realize he was an equal to his master and question why his master has the right to enslave him. Douglas stated this saying, The more I read the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers. When Douglas learned to read and write, he looked at everything differently. He saw everything as a citizen and not a slave. He then began to envy the illiterate slave because they did not completely understand the terrible condition in which they lived. Douglass, however, now did, and could not bear the thought of remaining a slave. Moving to Baltimore and thus becoming illiterate proved to be a substantial event in Douglass life. For if neither of the two ever happened, it is extremely probable that Douglass would have died in the trenches of slavery. When Douglass is a young boy, he witnesses for the first time a slave getting whipped. It is his Aunt Hester. Douglass hides in a closet, thinking that he would be next. This is Douglasss first encounter with the extreme cruelty of slaveholders (3). Years later, Douglass regards the treatment of his grandmother as a great tragedy. After years of dutiful service to her master, she is cast off to die alone. Douglass can only ask, Will not a righteous God visit for these things? (29). Knowledge of such despicable acts happening to ones family can only inspire feelings of despise, disgust and hatred. .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .postImageUrl , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:hover , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:visited , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:active { border:0!important; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:active , .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4 .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2392bbf149060360a0b19683792d6f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Comparing Cuban and Sierra Leone Youth EssayDouglass, however, used this as fuel to inspire his freedom. Frederick Douglass was always a strong man who would not be broken by anyone. In 1833 he was once sent to work for a man named Mr. Covey who had a reputation for being a slave breaker. Douglass considers the first six months working for Mr. Covey the darkest time . Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-87546421983102112592020-04-20T03:50:00.001-07:002020-04-20T03:50:03.763-07:00The Hair Cutting Shear free essay sample Every two weeks, my father asks me to cut his hair. The first time, I grumbled that it doesnââ¬â¢t cost much money to go to the hair salon. He said, ââ¬Å"Think how much money you can save each year. With this money I can buy more necessary stuff for you. Besides that, you can learn more skills.â⬠My father is not stingy nor miserly, but heââ¬â¢s an economical person. Iââ¬â¢ve learned from him that we shouldnââ¬â¢t waste money on unneeded things. As the time passed, cutting my father hair became a habit of my life. I enjoy doing this after realizing that I can have more private time with him. Since coming to the U.S., my parents have spent less time with me. They arent involved with my homework, but instead push themselves in working. So in those haircutting moments, my father and I truly get more connected. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hair Cutting Shear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even so, the monotonous humming sound of the hair cutting shear sometimes put my father into sleep. I still remember every time he took me to job interviews because of his limited English and how many times he failed on them. He was usually quiet at those moments. His disappointment made me mad. I blamed the narrow mind of the interviewer. I blamed my fathers poor English. And I blame myself, for my helplessness. I had looked up many jobs opportunities online, wrote an attractive resume, and even learned interviewing tips. My father finally has a job which does not require an interview: a regular labor in a small seafood company. The sense of the seafood sticks on his coat mingles with the sweat after an exhausted working day exhale to my nose every night he gets home, which sometimes my innocent little sister utters to him that she canââ¬â¢t stand it. However, that motivates me to study harder, so one day I will let him enjoy his life instead of working so hard. My fathers hair is turning gray. The haircutting shear moves steadily, revealing some wrinkles on his forehead. Iââ¬â¢ve learned that time never goes backward and people have to move forward. Time drifts all those childhood memories away, leading me to head up to the future. Most people have goals to reach and know what they really want to do after high school. But my ambition is vague, such as a road smothered in dust that I canââ¬â¢t figure the right way to go. I donââ¬â¢t yet know what I want to do for a career, or even what Iââ¬â¢d like to major in, but I do know that I enjoy studying and engaging to a new community where I can learn to be more responsible and independent. I want to feel the air of the outside world and who I really am. Furthermore, my curiosity about new things drives me to learn. Knowledge is infinite as a book that doesnââ¬â¢t have the last page and education is the only way to expand my knowledge. Therefore, college is the road that I chose. I believe some new experiences will help me to grow up as a mature daughter whom my parents would be proud of. My future is in my hand. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-14230708777370833112020-03-15T10:54:00.001-07:002020-03-15T10:54:02.371-07:00The Big Bang ApproachThe Big Bang Approach Introduction Companies have to choose from various options including the big bang, the phased roll and the parallel implementation approaches when implementing an ERP (Brown at al, 2012). There is, however, no straight answer as to which approach is best since every company is unique in terms of need and the capacity to implement the approach.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Big Bang Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changing from one ERP to another is, however, not a simple decision since it holds all the potential to make-or-break the firm (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). Companies thus have to take various considerations before choosing the approach. Some of the critical factors include; the cost of implementation, the level of risk acceptable to the company and the size of the business (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The big bang approach of implementing ERP happens in one major action where all users move to the new system on a given switch-on date (Brown at al, 2012). The phased roll approach, on the other hand, happens over an extended period of time and in phases (Brown at al, 2012). The users are, therefore, introduced to the new system in calculated steps. The parallel adoption, though not very popular, is more of a hybrid of the two approaches. It allows both the legacy system and the new ERP to run at the same time (Brown at al, 2012). The users are allowed to learn the new systems, while still working with the legacy system. NIBCOââ¬â¢S big bang The big bang approach is a high risk ERP implementation decision. It requires a lot of planning and well calculated fall back options (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The successful implementation of this approach by the NIBCO Company can be tied to its good planning. Although the implementation approach is a single-event affair, its successful implementation requires enough time to plan and strategize (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). It is no table that the implementation of the approach at NIBCO started in December 1995, two years before its switch-on date (Brown at al, 2012). The company even went ahead to set up an implementation team, also referred as the ââ¬Å"tigerâ⬠team to lead the company through the process (Brown at al, 2012). Apart from sufficient planning, it is also prudent for the firm to have critical minds behind the switch to the new system. It is thus important for the management to ensure that all critical departments are represented in the team tasked with leading the transition process. In the NIBCO Company, for example, the three critical sectors of technology development, change management and business coordination were appointed to comprise the lead team (Brown at al, 2012).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approachesââ¬â¢ pros and cons Despite the enormous risk inv olved in implementation, there are various factors that work in favor of the big bang approach. It is considerably cheaper than the phased roll approach, which takes a much longer period to implement (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The process is also quick and since the switch on takes a single date, it is easier to prepare the users technically and emotionally. Another advantage of the big bang approach is that training the users can be concentrated on the new systems since there is no change over training required. The challenges that may arise from the changes are also condensed over a shorter period of time and are, therefore, easy to manage and address. The approach is, however, challenged by the fact that the difficulties are more pronounced due to the shorter implementation period (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). There is also the danger of overlooking some details due to time limitation as well as the limitations that come with inability to carry out an end-to-end system testing. Conc lusion As much as the big bang approach is associated with a big risk factor, it is also endowed with the capacity to cause the company great savings in terms of time and money. The greatest secret to a successful implementation of the approach is prudent planning. References Brown, C.V., Dehayes, D.W., Hoffer, J. A., Martin, E. W. Perkins, W.C. (2012). Managing information technology (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Khanna, K. Arneja, G. P. (2012). Choosing an appropriate ERP implementation strategy. IOSR Journal of Engineering, vol. 2(3), pp. 478-483. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-8762489206719547962020-02-28T01:20:00.001-08:002020-02-28T01:20:02.306-08:00Case analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsCase analysis - Assignment Example The problems at the company started when Don Smith took over the firm. The biggest mistake that was made by the Mr. Smith when he acquired the company was that he did so through a highly leveraged transaction that drastically increased the long term debt of the company. A company that had a policy under the leadership of Blake of not mortgaging the opening of any new store became burdened by debt. A second issue at Friendly was conflicts of interest between TRC, Smith, and Friendly. Smith was both owners of TRC and Friendly. He approved a lot of dubious contracts including two shared costs programs of an Illinois office, where the company had no presence, and leasing agreement of a jet with TRC. There were also conflicts of interest in the board of directors which had some members that were dual board of directors of both companies. A third major issue at the firm was that its chairman was misusing company funds for personal expenses such as using the private jet for personal reasons . A fourth major issue at the firm was the lackluster financial performance of the company. The company lost over $30 million between 2005 and 2006. In 2007 the company achieved profits, but its net margin was a very thin at 0.9%. The net margin ratio measures the absolute profitability of a company (Peavler). A potential solution for the shareholders of the company is to sell off the shares of the company all at once. The problem with this solution is that a selling frenzy might further erode the price of the stocks driving it to become a penny stock. A second solution for the firm is to force the resignation of Don Smith. The problem with this solution is that his resignation would have to be forced by the board of directors and Smith has them on his pocket. A third solution is for the shareholders of the company to unite in the efforts of Sadar Biglari to turn around the company by getting two seats in Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-13346091084131145402020-02-11T18:04:00.001-08:002020-02-11T18:04:02.150-08:00Short Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsShort Report - Essay Example The major problems encountered by the group include poor recruitment and selection procedure, lack of precision in job description, incompetent leadership approach, lack of effective communication within the operational dimensions of the group, inadequate training and development programs, employee motivational limitations and lack of proper integration of HR strategies with the overall organisational goals. Thus, in order to resolve these challenges and issues, the City of Southbridge has been suggested to restructure its HRD and managerial approach. Addressing the rudimental flaws persisting within the organisation, along with a considerable significance towards identifying the future scope for improvements and opportunities to mitigate the limitations within the HR practices of the City of Southbridge, it is expected that this report shall be helpful for the groupââ¬â¢s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in taking requisite measures. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge 5 The Arguments for a Strategic Human Resource Management within the City Of Southbridge 6 Identification of Potential Areas of Reform 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 12 Introduction City of Southbridge is a large-sized metropolitan local authority, which employs over 700 people in an array of professional, community amenity and manual roles. Mr. Brian, the recently appointed HR manager of the group, was able to identify several HR challenges during his professional tenure. In this context, Mr. Brian postulated that the group is still burdened with the orthodox HR practice, wherein greater emphasis is allocated to administration and the related transactional functions only. It has been highlighted that the HR structure within the group was principally based on its functional dimensions, including recruitment and payroll section as the primary and the largest sections. Mr. Brian further observed that none of the HR staff possessed adequate understanding regarding the strategic notion or functions followed by the City of Southbridge, which in turn caused misalignments in the execution of the HR strategies in accordance with the strategic notion followed in the City of Southbridge. With due consideration to Mr. Brianââ¬â¢s concern, the primary purpose of this report is to lucidly highlight the role of Human Resource Department (HRD) within the City of Southbridge. The report further strives to explain the need for a strategic approach to resolve HRM issues within the City of Southbridge. Also, the report entails identification of potential areas of scope within the group to accelerate the effective reform of the HR function in a strategic way. Throughout the report, in order to acquire considerable understanding and to draw valid and reliable conclusion, recently published academic journals and peer-reviewed articles have been utilized. Furthermore, journals containing relevant models and th eories have been taken into concern for offering necessary recommendations in respect of the HR challenges identified within the City of Southbridge. The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge Human Resource Department (HRD) plays a crucial role that further imposes significant impacts on the overall Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-85698827387692175822020-01-31T11:23:00.001-08:002020-01-31T11:23:02.564-08:00Industrial Engineering, January Essay Example for Free Industrial Engineering, January Essay Recent studies commissioned by the Quality Research Institute (QRI), a partnership between Philip Crosby Associates Inc. and The Gallup Organization, reveal a startling gap between business executives and customers and their perceptions of quality and customer satisfaction. While a decisive majority (73 percent) of CEOs believe American business is committed to quality, QRI found that consumers overwhelmingly (84 percent) disagree. Similar discrepancies showed up when industry managers and end-user customers from three specific industries retail, hospitality and utilities were interviewed to compare their perceptions of overall customer satisfaction. These studies point to a flaw in how businesses define and measure quality, a flaw destined to hurt bottom-line profits. Quality, in the final analysis, is defined by customers. They must be satisfied and remain satisfied if a company is to prosper. As long as corporate performance is measured only in financial terms, quality will continue to suffer. To offset this problem, more and more companies are turning to independent quality audits, and they are reporting the results alongside financial reports to demonstrate success in achieving both profits and quality goals. Problems and opportunities The 1993 survey, Profits Versus Quality, illustrated both problems and opportunities in customer perceptions of quality. In this national survey, most consumers said they believed business was more concerned with profits than with delivering quality products or service. They also criticized business leaders for a lack of focus on quality workplaces. Most striking, however, was the widely held belief that business leaders who do not put quality ahead of profits are missing a big opportunity. Almost ninety percent of American employees said they would feel more committed to achieving their companys financial goals if their managers were more concerned with delivering quality to the customer. The three industry studies offer more detailed insight. In these surveys, executives were found to seriously overestimate the overall level of satisfaction even their best and most loyal customers have with their services. For example, more than 60 percent of retail executives believed quality of service had improved, while fewer than 30 percent of their customers bad noticed service quality improvements. In the hospitality trade, 70 percent of the hotel/motel executives in the study believed their hotels met customer expectations all the time or almost all the time. Only about 40 percent of customers agreed. The results in the utility industry were even worse. While 64 percent of electric utilities executives said quality has improved, only 9 percent of their customers agreed. QRIs surveys show clearly that relying on experience and gut feeling, do not work. Companies must determine what really matters to customers and act accordingly. A well-managed Quality of Service Audit (QSA) can identify and define customers real requirements, including those attributes such as trust and confidence, that lead to preference and loyalty. Regular customer measurements also can point out problem areas so corrections can be made before they have a negative financial impact. In addition, QSAs complement total quality management techniques by bringing customers into the quality loop. Since quality efforts eventually are reflected in profits, companies which take quality seriously should report QSA results alongside standard financial reports to shareholders. Thus, quality must be monitored as accurately, objectively and in as much detail as the companys finances. An effective QSA also should be based on the highest quality standards, including those specified by ISO 9000, as well as the criteria for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the European Quality Award. Measures developed by such quality gurus as Crosby, Deming, and Juran also should be considered. In all cases, the quality audit must address all the product and service attributes that communicate value to the customer, lead to customer satisfaction, and affect customer preference. Figure 1 breaks out dissatisfiers versus satisfiers in the customers hierarchy of needs. Designing a useful quality audit To maintain the integrity of the audit, it must be done according to a strict process. Each research project is unique, but certain general guidelines always apply. Clear goals must be defined, and these goals must be incorporated into each phase of the audit, from questionnaire and sample design through data collection and analysis, if the results are to be accurate and projectable. Before the audit survey can be designed, serious consideration must be given to specific QSA goals and their relationship to larger organizational goals. In this phase, the company also should define the target population, identify specific concepts to be measured, and develop a general structure for the analysis. At this stage, it is important to get input from the kinds of people to be surveyed. Do the concepts to be measured make sense to the people who will be asked to provide service quality feedback? Is the domain to be evaluated (e. g. , client satisfaction and service excellence) adequately covered, or has something been overlooked? Are questions phrased in language that respondents use spontaneously when evaluating service excellence? This information will help pave the way for questionnaire construction. Particular care must be taken in this phase to ensure that issues of data completeness, response rates, and reliability are balanced with cost and time constraints. Data can be collected in several ways telephone, face-to-face interviewing, or self-administration by respondent each with different ramifications. For example, interviewer-administered surveys are more expensive, but usually have higher levels of cooperation, which, in turn, are essential to the reliability and projectability of survey conclusions. When designing the questionnaire itself, be careful that the order and wording of questions do not bias responses. In addition, the basic form of each question must be tailored to project goals. Also, should open questions be used to gain richer insights and identify new issues, or should response formats be standardized to facilitate statistical analyses? Once a questionnaire has been drafted, a pre-test should be completed to verify that the questions are easily understood and that interviews can be administered readily within a suitable length of time. With an appropriate questionnaire developed and pre-tested, the next phase is to select a representative sample from the target population identified earlier. Many statistical issues related to sample size and suitability must be considered. Random selection is just the beginning. The sample also must be tailored to meet the needs of the research goals. Dividing the sample into subgroups and sampling these subgroups separately helps enforce representativeness, and thereby improves the statistical efficiency of the overall sample. Stratification, in effect, reduces the margin of error statisticians calculate to allow for the possibility of uncontrollable error in the random selection process. Measurement frequency also must be considered. A survey designed to measure service quality, if it is to be linked to an action plan, begs for periodic measurement to assess whether the action plan is working. Turning reliable data into results All efforts to this point will be worthless if the people in the sample do not respond to the questionnaire. Gaining the cooperation of respondents is crucial because high rates of completion are one of the few ways to ensure the final survey results are not biased. Telephone interviewing is particularly well-suited to service quality measurements where the target population consists of professionals and executives. It provides for flexible cal1-backs to fit interview appointments into busy schedules. Non-response tends to be a much more serious problem in a self-administered survey because interviewers cannot intervene to expedite cooperation. Self-administered questionnaires require special attention to issues of clarity and ease of administration, as well as to devices that will help encourage cooperation. Once data are collected, the results must be analyzed in keeping with the initial research goals. The list of analytical tools available are a statisticians fantasy. Options include cross-tabulation, correlation and regression, including the multivariate version of each; many variations on factor and cluster analysis; multiple discriminant analysis; conjoint analysis; perceptual mapping; LISREL analysis; logistic regression analysis; log-linear modeling and on and on. Analytic methods should be chosen for their ability to provide precise answers to the research questions that have driven all the earlier phases of the research design. It is worth noting that a survey designed to provide an assessment of service excellence encompasses two related ideas by separate analytical tasks: understanding the dynamics of satisfaction and service excellence, and the relatively simple reporting of service quality measures developed in the course of this investigation. Practical and useful quality information Quality has become a strategic factor in the marketplace. Perceptions of poor quality service will ultimately be reflected in a corporations profit-and-loss statement. By measuring what customers really think about quality, QSAs can provide clear, practical, and useful information that will prove indispensable in the design of a program to achieve and maintain quality and service excellence. Jacques Murphy is senior vice president, managing director southeast division, of the Gallup Organization, Atlanta, Ga. J. A. Taylor is director of marketing for the same organization. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-27219122891214460532020-01-23T07:46:00.001-08:002020-01-23T07:46:03.129-08:00Universality and the Particular Essay -- Poetry Literature Authors WriUniversality and the Particular ââ¬Å"History,â⬠Gilman writes, ââ¬Å"is, or should be, the story of our racial lifeâ⬠(Gilman 216). Eliot is a bit less succinct, but perhaps he could be most pithily summed up as saying: ââ¬Å"The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at allâ⬠(Eliot 1919, 23). It is not immediately evident what either author means by these statements, however, they both contain the core of the argument. Both authors have their individual aims and intents with their writings, however, in spite of the differences, their arguments find more common ground than disagreement. Their terminology is certainly different, but they see the purpose and aims of literature as by and large the same. Literature, according to Gilman, originated as the ââ¬Å"legitimate child of oral tradition, a product of natural brain activityâ⬠(218). Implicit in this, and made explicit elsewhere, is that literature is inherently a form of communication. And, ââ¬Å"since our very life depends on some communication,â⬠Gilman indicates very strongly that literature, both in its ancestry and in its current incarnation, provides an extremely important role in our existenceâ⬠(218). She elaborates on this notion of communication, however, and specifies that a ââ¬Å"passionate interest in other peopleââ¬â¢s livesâ⬠¦is the most vital artâ⬠(218). To her, the expression of the ââ¬Å"great field of human lifeâ⬠is the task of all literature and is crucial to the very existence of society (218). We can presume that there is some bias in her argument, as people tend to think highly of their chosen craft. The essential element, however, is Gilmanââ¬â¢s focus on t h... ...e essentially expansionist, forcing the borders outwards to include women in literature. Eliot, on the other hand, seems to be moving inward and examining and rejecting a certain type of reader, a certain type of poet. However, both, ultimately see literature as capturing the entirety of the human existence. The mechanism for doing so in their arguments differ greatly, but the intent and the final goals are the same. Where one speaks of the human soul, the other speaks of impersonality and mean the same thing. Works Cited Eliot, T.S. ââ¬Å"The Impersonality of Poetry.â⬠Issues in Contemporary Critical Theory: A Casebook. Ed. Peter Barry. London: Macmillan, 1987. 23. Eliot, T.S. ââ¬Å"Hamlet and His Problems.â⬠Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963. 180-184. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Writings. New York: Bantam, 1989. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-36592038320215160202020-01-15T04:10:00.001-08:002020-01-15T04:10:06.255-08:00A review of P. Hirsch, Globalization, RegionalizationA review of P. Hirsch, ââ¬Å"Globalization, Regionalization and local voices: The Asian Development Bank and re-scaled politics of environment in the Mekong regionâ⬠By catktd90 A review of P. Hirsch, ââ¬Å"Globalization, Regionalization and local voices: The Asian Development Bank and re-scaled politics of environment in the Mekong regionâ⬠This paper was written by Philip Hirsch who aims to examine about globalization, regionalization and its effect to local people in terms of resource and environment.This paper also considers some key issues of re-scaling resource and environmental olitics in the Mekong region, and the extent to which challenges have been recast from national to regional development agendas by illustrating case studies in Laos and Thailand (Hirsch, 2001). Throughout the paper, Hirsch illustrates an important aspect of globalization directly related to sustainability, shows a fundamental change in thinking and speaking among government official and loca l people, and shows an interesting politics of environment in Thailand, with its shifting alliances and ideas about relationship between people and nature.In recent years, globalization and egionalization has been widening all around the world. Although it has some positive points, it also brings to nation and local people some negative points. According to Michael, Globalization is manufactured as a discursive negation of the possibility if nations defining their own futures (McMichael, 1996). For Hirsch, he explores the changing resource and environmental politics of the Mekong Region in the context of regional integration, with a specific focus on the Asian Development Bank (ADS) and its Greater Mekong Sub region (GMS) programme.In the Mekong egion, Asian Development Bank force for regionalization through the specific projects it has supported that have impacted on local communities and ecosystems. Globalization and regionalization in the Mekong region are temporally and spatiall y differentiated. While Thailand has thus explicitly articulated both with globalization and ant globalization discourses, in the case of Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, it is difficult to separate the advent of globalization; Globalization has been witnesses not only the economic growth but also the financial crisis in Mekong region.However, hese countries have been influenced by development project which supported by ADB such as dam project etc. It is believed that Dam construction impacts on local communities' livelihood and ecosystem causing many problems to environment. For example, The Nam Theun-Hinboun Dam in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PRD) is one of ADB development project. It causes the insufficient water in dry season and flood in the rainy season as well as erosion of river banks in upstream and downstream.It also impacts on the local communities' livelihood such as fisheries, crops, etc. Warren claimed that from 30 to 90 per cent of fishery-related livelihood has been lost in the main impact areas (Warren, 1999). While there are number of some scientists still believe in the benefits of the dam in development process. It is clear that the local communities have to raise their voice to protect themselves from these attacks; however, it depends on countries politic.For example, in the case of Rasi Salai Dam on the Mun river in Thailand, the Dam completed in 1994 and effected livelihood and environment of a large areas. Because its serious effects, the local people established a protest villages. The protest Joined 16 other sets of villages with grievances throughout the Northeast to Join with the Assembly of the Poor in a national protest in Bangkok and finally, they were succeeded. But In the case of Laos or Vietnam, the people cannot do something like that because of their thinking and their countrys politic.It is obvious that economic growth always cause some consequences in livelihood or environment. In this situation, to adapt with globalizat ion and regionalization many countries build many infrastructure to develop their economy, emphasize large-scale planning. Finally, these things affect heir own country seriously in terms of environment and community's livelihood. Thus, it is expected that there will be a re-scale politics and environment not only in Mekong region but also in the world.In conclusion, globalization and regionalization is an ongoing process. Thus, this process needs more sustainable solutions for both the supporter (ADB and GMS) and the country which received financial for their economic development. One country should concern more about environmental problems when conducting any development project because a development projects need balance on economic, social, and environment aspect. In addition, a country should have their suitable policy on the road of development.REFERENCES Hirsch, P. (2001). ââ¬Å"Globalization, Regionalization and local voices: The Asian Development Bank and re-scaled politic s of environment in the Mekong regionâ⬠. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 22(3), 237-251. McMichael, P. (1996). Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. London: Zed books. Warren, T. (1999). ââ¬ËA Monitoring study to assess the localized impacts created by the Theun- Hinboun hydroâ⬠scheme on fisheries and fish populations. Final report to the Theun- Hinboun Power Company. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-15947747642454537452020-01-07T00:33:00.001-08:002020-01-07T00:33:03.146-08:00Importance of the Past in Willa Cathers My Antonia Essay The Importance of the Past in Willa Cathers My Antonia In My Antonia, Willa Cather emphasizes the importance of the past through Jum Burdens narration. Jim Burden realizes at the conclusion of the novel how much he enjoyed his childhood days and how much his memories mean to him. There are three events that Cather included in the novel which contribute greatly to the overall theme, concerning the importance of the past. One event is in Chapter II of Book III. Jim decides to write about his youth in Nebraska as Vergil has just done. As he is thinking about this, Lena Lingard comes to the door and he is excited to see her. Once again he begins to think about the past. Even after she left, just her presence had impacted hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He spends a day in Black Hawk that ends in a disappointment since none of his childhood friends are around. Walking out to the edge of town, he finds a half-mile stretch of the old wagon-road which used to run like a wild thing across the open prairie. The memory of his first ride over that road comes to him strongly. Now he feels that this road has brought him and Antonia back together. It is the road of Destiny along which their lives have traveled. Another event appears in chapter 14 of book II. Antonia and Jim are having a picnic by the river. It is an important event for many reasons. First, the past is brought up, when Antonia says, It would be like old times. The reader can only be reminded of the events that have taken place in Book I. For example when Jim walks two miles towards the river. At the riverbank he takes a swim and realizes how much he will miss this river once he goes off to college. Jim skated, swam and fished on this river throughout his childhood. Second, it is the last shared afternoon of Jim and Antonias youth. Throughout their youth, Jim and Antonia share a number of memorable moments, like the time when Jim teaches Antonia how to read. However, this is their last day together in their childhood. Soon, Jim will be going away to college so the future is near. Then, he finds Antonia crying because she is looking at overhanging bushes that remind her of Bohemia. It makes me homesick,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Use of Environment, Landscape, and Cycles in My Antonia3310 Words à |à 14 PagesUse of the Environment, Landscape, and Cycles, in My à ntonia à à The landscape and the environment in Willa Cathers, My à ntonia, plays several roles. It creates both a character and protagonist, while it also reflects Cathers main characters, Jim and à ntonia, as well as forming the structure of the novel. Additionally, it evokes several themes that existed on the prairie during the time in which the story takes place. Some of these themes that directly relate to the novel, which are worthRead MoreAnalysis Of Willa Cathers My Antonia1427 Words à |à 6 PagesIn this excerpt from Willa Catherââ¬â¢s My Antonia, as it nears night in the prairie of Nebraska. Jim Burden returns to his hometown of Black Hawk, visiting family and friends during his summer vacation before he starts Law School. He first visits his Grandparents and other family friends, but finds himself reminded of Antonia, his childhood friend who he grew up with. He walks to Antoniaââ¬â¢s house, and Antoniaââ¬â¢s sister directs him to the field where she is working. T heir reunion is sentimental, as theRead MoreInfluences of Regionalist Liturature in the 20th century1481 Words à |à 6 PagesMark Twain, Bret Harte, and Willa Cather are notable authors stemming from the Realist movement that occurred around the turn of the century. Mark Twainââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Corn Pone Opinionsâ⬠comments on the fickleness of the human mind, using the example of a slave minister. Bret Harteââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Outcasts of Poker â⬠tells the tale of a gambler and other rabble rousers who were shunned from the Western mining town of Poker , which had recently seen a moral reprise. Willa Catherââ¬â¢s My Antonia narrates the life of Jim BurdenRead More Comparing the Theme of Sacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark2537 Words à |à 11 PagesSacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark à à à à à à A common trait for Willa Cathers characters is that they possess a certain talent or skill. This art usually controls the lives of these characters. According to critic Maxell Geismar, Cathers heroines who possess a skill often either do not marry or marry men whom they dominate; if they do marry the marriage is without excitement because their passion is invested in their art. In a sense, Geismar accuses Cathers heroines of sacrificingRead MoreMy Antonia Character Analysis1856 Words à |à 8 PagesMy Antonia was published in 1918, two years before all American women were granted the right to vote in 1920. Willa Cather lived in a bustling time where women were heavily vouching for fundamental rights and breaking free from what had been considered societal norms. While Cather mentions the conventional duties and housewives of the time the book was written, her storyââ¬â¢s focus differs. ââ¬Å"My Antoniaââ¬â¢s,â⬠narrative centers around women, m any of whom are immigrants, who transcend the gender norms ofRead MoreWilla Cather s My Antonia1932 Words à |à 8 Pages In her novel My Antonia, Willa Cather, while writing in a sexist time, calls attention to the power of the female in life and society through Antonia, Lena Lingard, Tiny Soderball and Frances Harling and accentuates and celebrates the significance of the matriarchal world by use of Jim Burden as the narrator. Jim holds an enlightened consciousness of the female because, after spending most of his life with these women, he sees how they started with nothing ended with a successful life. In a time Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-18191508166346223082019-12-29T20:57:00.001-08:002019-12-29T20:57:03.582-08:00Viking Weather and Melt Zone Free Essay Example, 750 words ï » ¿GREENLAND-GLACIERS-MELTDOWN A review of the articles written by Tom Folgers ââ¬Å"Viking Weatherâ⬠( pages 52 to 67) [and the ââ¬Å"Melt Zoneâ⬠by Mark Jenkins, ,(pages 40 to 43,), both June 2010 issue and The Big Melt by Brook Larmer, (pages 66 to 79) April 2010 issue, ] in the National Geographic Magazine. { Customer Please Check words wanted} [also on the National Geographic site ] The Summary The ice blanket covering Greenland is melting fast as the land strangely warms twice as fast as most of the world. Holding nearly seven percent of the worldââ¬â¢s fresh water its frozen water cover is shrinking by about 50 cubic miles each year in a vicious cycle of ice melting and global warming. Atmospheric pollution which increases the soot content of ââ¬ËCryoconiteââ¬â¢ the mineral dust sediment, getting deposited on the ice sheet like a black curtain by world air circulation is increasing the solar heat absorption. As a consequence of this increased melting the sea level is projected to increase by 24 feet which will inundate coastlines around the world and endanger the water reservoirs of the world and leading to prospect of ââ¬Å"water warsâ⬠especially in Asia e. g.We will write a custom essay sample on Viking Weather and Melt Zone or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now between China and India etc. Though this would mean a global catastrophe as entire coastal nations are submerged, the ice veil lifts to reveal a host of treasures in the form of oil [worth more than four trillion dollars? ], rare earth metals, and more of the greener pastures for the Greenlanders whose government revenues are supported to the extent of 60% or $ 620 million by their Danish colonizers. Greenlandââ¬â¢s population, which depends heavily on fishing, descendants mostly of the Inuit from Canada and the Danish, living, according to the CIA fact book ââ¬Å"on a narrow icecap covering all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coastâ⬠[CIA Fact book]. The land was first settled by the Vikings under the famous Erik the Red who, after four centuries were inexplicably wiped out, a scenario that can very well rise again in the future for the present settlers of the land also unless given serious attention. Research Methodology The auth ors had direct interviews with the people as well as the investigating scientists and even travelling with them on their hazardous missions to inspect their data collection methods. This has resulted also in several graphic photos of spectacular beauty, available for public view in the connected Photo Gallery. [Photo Gallery] Critical Evaluation of the Sourceââ¬â¢s Usefulness: This article is a primer intended for the average reader initiating him in to the mysteries of climate change. The reaction of the local people to these earth shaking events and the effect on their daily life is dealt with very colorfully. The photo of ââ¬Ëa pothole burned into the ice by Cryoconite, buried air and gas from bacteria and algae bubbled to the surface, where a midnight freeze trapped themââ¬â¢ makes fine eye candy at the same time, graphically illustrating the effect of Cryoconite on the ice. Most of the other photos do the same. The article is high in ââ¬Ëlocal colorââ¬â¢ but the presentation of the scientific aspects could have been improved. However it highlights how the everyday life of a people can be changed by a phenomenon till now considered a scientific curiosity. The researchers could have used the extensive data and far more explicit maps clearly describing the situation from agencies such a s The Snow and Ice Data Center, NASA etc easily available from the web. A more thorough academic understanding of the problem is available through internet sources, but this deficiency is to be expected in an article intended for general reading. Tone: The writer calls attention to the anomalous ground realities of the exotic and quaint place very dramatically in the first paragraph itself by presenting the improbable mix of plants, attracting the attention. The article highlights the effect of the changing weather in the life of the people and its high disturbance potential especially in the local environment calling world attention to take climate change issues very seriously using the magazineââ¬â¢s wide world wide circulation. Limitations and Strengths of the Article/Evidence. An article intended for general reading may not be naturally expected to be scientifically proficient enough to provide a comprehensive understanding of a professional discipline and therein lies its main defects. Some more scientific inputs, like from the NASA, The National Snow and Ice Data Center etc could have been added training the public to think more logically. For example, consider the fine point of distinction about the Greenland ice cap melt. Only the ice cap melts over landmasses like Greenland and Antarctica can contribute significantly to sea level rise [The Seattle Times]. Another exceptional point, also the fantastic rate of reduction of the Arctic ice cap by nearly half in the past ten years is not mentioned. [The Seattle Times ]. The counter arguments of the theories are also not presented. The scientific aspect could have been given more emphasis to provide a better academic understanding. Works Cited CIA fact book Greenland. CIA-The World Fact Book. The CIA. Web. n.d. 13 Nov 2010. URL: https: //www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl. html National Geographic site Changing Greenland. Viking Weather. The National Geographic Magazine. /2010/06.Web. 13 Nov 2010 URL: ngm. nationalgeographic. com/2010/06/Viking-weather/folger-text, URL: ngm. nationalgeographic. com/. ../melt- zone/greenland-animation - Photo Gallery Changing Greenland - Melt Zone Photo Gallery - National Geographic. com. 06/2010.Web. 13 Nov2010 URL: ngm. nationalgeographic. com/2010/06/melt-zone/balog-photography The Seattle Times Arctic ice caps to melt faster than feared, scientists say. The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. 7/9/2007 . Web. 13 Nov2010 URL: http: //seattletimes. nwsource. com/html/localnews/2003873003_arcticice07m. html Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-37354433034596266382019-12-21T16:45:00.001-08:002019-12-21T16:45:03.602-08:00Slavery And The African Holocaust Essay - 2975 Words Slavery a practise that took absolute freedom away from African people for over 500 sometimes it is even referred to as the ââ¬ËAfrican Holocaustââ¬â¢ because the estimated lives lost because of the slave trade is thought to be up to 100 million. And in 1691 this hideous practise was introduced to America and continued for another 250 years and it was only in the 18th century that America began to question the morality of slavery. This lead to a divide in the American people you were either pro or anti slavery. Due to geography Southern states benefited much more from slavery than Northern states did because they had the environment the could sustain plantations and their population was lower and less condensed. Northern states however due of the advent of industrialism did not need or benefit economically from slavery and because of higher importance placed on education and immigration there was a growing diversity of cultures and people so they were more aware of the moral is sues involved with a practise like slavery. Another factor that contributed to the growing resentment of slavery in the North was a paradoxical one, because the South benefited so much economically for slavery where little to no labour skills were needed it began to affect the American economy as a whole as it limited the growth of the US economy. Work ethic was undermined and slavery itself only was only beneficial to the US in the short term and in hindsight it is easy to see that it actually stunted the USShow MoreRelatedComparing American Slavery and the Holocaust994 Words à |à 4 Pages The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the American Slavery and the Holocaust, in terms of which one was more malevolent than the other. Research indicates that ââ¬Å"the ââ¬Å"competitionâ⬠between African-American and Jews has served to trivialize the malevolence which both has sufferedâ⬠(Newton, 1999). According to L. Thomas ââ¬Å"A separate issue that contributes to the tension between blacks and Jews refer to to the role that Jews played in the American Slave trade.â⬠History Around 1600Read MoreThe Slavery Of The Holocaust1391 Words à |à 6 Pageswho have received reparations for past wrongdoings. There have been a few isolated incidents, such as the Rosewood event, where African Americans were harmed and received reparations; however, reparations have also been given on a much larger scale. Ta-Nehisi Coates is a national correspondent at The Atlantic, and he has written books along with countless articles on African Americans and equally. Coates is one of the most important names in the debate for reparations; his article ââ¬Å"The Case for Reparationsâ⬠Read MoreHuman Cruelty1239 Words à |à 5 Pageshigher powers, or bigger groups thought they could take over others and torture them. Humans tend to have hatred towards others because of their selfishness. They think they are better than others and can control them. The trail of tears, African Slavery, and the Holocaust all show human cruelty weather it is to the Indians, slaves, or Jewish peopl e by forcing them to do and go wherever the powerful forces made them. In the trail of tears, innocent Cherokee Indians were forced off their land. BetweenRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words à |à 5 PagesThere is no denying that the period of time where slavery was legal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nationââ¬â¢s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descendants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-basedRead MoreReparations For Slavery : Slavery1218 Words à |à 5 Pages Reparations for Slavery? Harriet Tubman once said, ââ¬Å"Now I ve been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave.â⬠What is a reparation? A reparation is the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. The biggest question of time is should African Americans receive payments for slavery? Many people would say yes withRead More The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Essay1510 Words à |à 7 Pagesof Clover, Virginia to East Baltimore, where her children and grandchildren live and struggle with the legacy of her cells, Skloot remarkably shows the story of the Lacks family is inextricably connected to the dark history of experimentation on African Americans along with the issue of bioethics, and legal battles over whether we control the stuff we are made of. The most intriguing aspect of this story is how is it that HeLa cells were used to develop the polio vaccine, uncover secrets of cancerRead MoreThe Teacher Will Ask The Students981 Words à |à 4 PagesBlack History Month has to do with remembering the movement from slavery to have an African-American president; it is about civil rights. The teacher will then ask ââ¬Å"When we think of World War II, whatââ¬â¢s the first thing that comes to mind?â⬠The intended answer is the Holocaust (the teacher will guide answers, if necessary). The teacher will ask what the Holocaust was, who it affected, etc. The teacher will then point out that the Holocaust had some underlying themes that were similar to the culture ofRead MoreTo What Extent Can Reparations Affect The Quality Of Life For African Americans? Essay1645 Words à |à 7 PagesTo what extent can reparations affect the quality of life for African Americans? In the present paper a clear link will be made between segregation and slavery and an increased poverty rate in African Americans now, as well as an analysis of previous historical instances of reparations and how other instances of reparations from slavery set a precedent for reparations for African Americans. There will also be mention of past historical precedent and how, when reparations were given prior, theyRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Society Essay1743 Words à |à 7 Pages Humans Since the year 1619, slavery has been around, and there are thousands of victims that have been a part of this segregation. African Americans suffered and were mistreated throughout years, due to the existence of segregation of color. Individuals were treated like toys, objects, tortured, and killed for the fact of that their color of their skin is different. As stated before, dehumanization has existed since 1619, when the dutch traders captured the African Americans, where they sufferedRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words à |à 4 PagesWhen I first visited the virtual Holocaust Museum website and researched the bodies of the site it represented discrimination and bigotry. The action taken upon the innocent the dominant leader Adolf Hitler and the members of his group carried out Jews. The website classified the term Genocide to commit violent crimes against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The central issue raised by the site is informing people the awareness of Genocide. When I was looking into the Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-768639290314074342019-12-13T13:15:00.001-08:002019-12-13T13:15:05.752-08:00Drinking Age Free Essays Kaitlyn Turner Fall 2010 CA 110 Mr. Foutz Introduction Attention-Getter: How many of you are 18? For those of you who are, 18 years old you are considered adults in nearly all aspects of the law, including voting rights and the ability to join the military, yet the United States still treats you as minors when it comes to drinking. Establishment of Credibility: According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 7,000 teenagers under the age of 16 have already had their first sip of alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teen alcohol) According to the Century Council 10 million teens from the ages 12-20 admit to consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. 2% of 12 year olds drink, 22% of 16 years olds drink, and 56% of 20 year olds drink, and these percentages are steadily increasing. (Underage drinking statistics) Thesis/ Purpose: During my speech today, I will talk about how alcohol is ever-present in todayââ¬â¢s American society. I will also talk about how alcohol is present all around people under 21 who are not allowed to consume it, but in reality most people under 21 drink alcohol and abuse alcohol. Throughout this speech I will try to persuade you to believe that the United States should lower their drinking age to 18, and begin educating teens on consuming alcohol responsibly. Preview of Main Points: First, I will discuss the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries. Then, I will discuss the effects that the current legal drinking age has on America. Finally, I will talk about the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. ,, Body Main Idea 1: (Transition) Now, I am going to tell you about the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries. A. United States 1. According to Alcohol Problems and Solutions legal drinking age in the United States is 21. i. Alcohol Problems and Solutions states, ââ¬Å"The minimum drinking age of 21 in the U. S. appears to be not only ineffective but actually counter-productive. Although it was passed with the best of intentions, it has had some of the worst of outcomes. â⬠2. Legal drinking ages in the United States are under control of the states, which means the states get to decide how old they want their residents to be before being able to consume alcohol. . National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 ii. According to the Alcohol Policy Information System the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required that states prohibit persons under the age of 21 from purchasing or publicly possessing alcohol beverages as a condition of receiving State highway funds. B. In Other Countries a. According to Alcohol Problems and Solutions countries legal drinking ages vary from zero-21. i. So me countries with no drinking age Jamaica, Viet Nam, and Morocco. ii. Some countries with a 16 year old legal drinking age are Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, and Spain. iii. Some countries with an 18 year old legal drinking age are Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Ireland, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Transition): Now that I have told you about the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries, I will discuss the effects of the current drinking age. Main Idea 2: The United States legal drinking age of 21, has many negative effects on those who are under age. A. Alcohol is considered a, ââ¬Å"Forbidden Fruitâ⬠. Alcohol is considered a forbidden fruit because prohibition increases the harm that it is supposed to reduce. a. Because the United States as such a high drinking age, teenagers are driven ââ¬Å"undergroundâ⬠to drink alcohol. i. According to Parade. com Since teenagers are not allowed to drink openly in public, teens take their drinking to dorm rooms, isolated areas, or at unsupervised house parties. At these gatherings teens usually binge drink, because they are scared their party may be stopped. (Flynn) ii. Also according to Parade. com when teens come about a problem, such as someone drinking too much alcohol at these parties, or assaults, they are less likely to call for help because they are scared of getting in trouble. (Flynn) B. High Rates of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction b. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention binge drinking plays a huge part in Alcohol Abuse. Binge drinking is excessive drinking that brings a personââ¬â¢s blood alcohol concentration to . 08 percent or above. iii. Men ââ¬â 5 drinks in two hours. iv. Women ââ¬â 4 drinks in two hours. v. About 90% of the alcohol consumed by youth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinks. Main Idea 3 (Transition): Now that I have told you some of the negative effects of underage drinking, I will tell you about the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. A. Potential Benefits of a Lower Drinking Age a. Young people will learn to drink alcohol more responsibly. i. According to the group Choose Responsibility, if the drinking age is lowered to 18, everyone will be required to take an alcohol education class before they turn 18 to inform them on the dangers of alcohol. . Would lead to less alcohol abuse and addiction ii. Since alcohol would no longer be considered a forbidden fruit, teens could drink in more open environments such as social events and bars where their consumption could be monitored. iii. Some teens may also feel as if they have a more freedom; therefore, they would make more responsible decisions when it comes to consuming alcohol. Concl usion Signal the End: Today I have hopefully persuaded you to believe that the United States should lower their legal drinking age. Review of Main Points: I have told you about the United States and other countries legal drinking ages. What the current legal drinking age does to American teens. Also, the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. Closing: Now that I have told you reasons to lower the drinking age I hope you agree that by lowering the drinking age, the United States can begin to raise more responsible drinkers, who will not be as prone to alcohol abuse or addiction as todayââ¬â¢s Americans are. Works Cited ââ¬Å"15 Reasons Why Drinking Age Should be 18. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. Alcohol Policy Information System. ââ¬Å"The National Minimum Drinking Age Policy of 1984. â⬠Web. 29 Nov. 2010. ââ¬Å"Binge Drinking. â⬠Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. ââ¬Å"Choose Responsibility. â⬠2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. Flynn, Sean. ââ¬Å"Should the Drinking Age be lowered? â⬠Parade. 2007. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. ââ¬Å"Minimum Legal Drinking Ages around the World . â⬠2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. ââ¬Å"Teen Alcoholâ⬠2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. ââ¬Å"Underage Drinking Statistics. â⬠2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. How to cite Drinking Age, Papers Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-57242033626143260782019-12-05T09:35:00.001-08:002019-12-05T09:35:02.980-08:00Crime Data Comparison Paper free essay sample CRIME DATA COMPARISON PAPER -Murder Rate According to the FBI Unified Crime Report for 2009, there were 385 murders in that year. The total population for Detroit in 2009 was Just over 951 ,OOO. (The Neighborhood Scout, 2009) In Minneapolis, a city with about one-half the population of Detroit, the number of murders was 47. Not only is the population less than Detroit, the murder rate 6 times lower than Detroit. Here you can see that population seems to play a role in the amount of murders for these metropolitan areas. The area that had the most reported incidents of murder was Detroit. Minneapolis has shown that they have seen a 17% decrease in violent crimes over the past 3 years. In the previous year, 2008 Detroit reported the murder rate of 339. This seemed to be an overall drop from the previous year 383. Though this seems like a positive sign for the city, this merely shows a decrease in violent crimes in the nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Data Comparison Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Hendron, 2009) It seems that more major cities have seen a drop in crime rates over time. The 339 murders over a population Just over 951 ,OOO make Detroit the deadliest metropolitan area in the United States. Additionally, Police officials in Detroit had isreported overall 2008 murder fgures intentionally to avoid this distinction. (Hendron, 2009) Minneapolis, in comparison, saw their murders drop from about forty to eighteen percent in 2008. (Kohler, 2009) As the rates of crime for these areas show patterns, one thing is certain, Detroit as a whole has a higher crime rate capacity. It appears that in Detroit the crime rate decreased approximately 11% and Minneapolis dropped about 20%. The rates have changed for both areas over the last few years. They appear to have been dropping when compared to other major cities and metropolitan areas. One theory that might explain a citys murder rate is the lack of good, affordable housing. Oeralyn, 2009) There are several theories on the reason for an areas murder rate to increase, decrease, or even remaining steady with little fluctuation. Jeralyn goes on to explain that the observation taken place in New York indicate that after the implementation of housing projects resulted in the homicide rate dropping, while Chicago, which did not have a housing project implemented, remained pretty steady. Both areas, Detroit and Minneapolis have both adopted this means of correction to eal with the increasing homicide rate. Another factor that plays a huge role in the murder rate is the overall poverty. Detroits poverty level is significantly higher than that of Minneapolis. Several added reasons to the rate are those of theft, robbery, and attempts of theft of property. Police chief, Warren Evans suggests that we will not see anymore oversights on the number of the murder rate and next year we should see a more correct and concrete number. He goes on to say that the new correct number may even show an increase to fix the oversight problem. Oosting, 2009) There is no way to tell whether or not the poverty level is the sole or even major cause of the murder rate. While likely to be a contributing factor, poverty cannot be the entire answer to the issue. Economic trends have shown that the poverty level has not only increased in Detroit, but across our entire nation. contribute to the rates of homicide. I know youVe heard the old saying, guns dont kill people, people with guns kill people. This statement has been argued both ways and there is no real information to support the claim here. Crime Data Comparison Paper free essay sample At the beginning of calendar each year, crime data from the previous year is collected room several different sources across the United States and is used to create the uniform Crime Report for the previous year, which can help determine what areas of the united States are experiencing the most crime and in what areas crime has increased or decreased.Being able to see this information can help law enforcement agencies, such as State Troopers, determine where more manpower Is needed and assist in determining what cities and areas have a higher rate of crime and are in need of the financing to hire more law enforcement to combat the rise in crime. The two cities used for comparison are Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the time frame of January 2009 through June 2009. With Philadelphia holding a much larger population at an average of 1. Million compared to Pittsburgh average of 400 thousand, the number of burglaries that were reported was higher in Philadelphia than those that were reported in Pennsylvania, according to the Uniform Crime Report for June of 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Data Comparison Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rates of crime for Pittsburgh and Philadelphia also differ greatly due to the differences in populations. According to the uniform Crime Report in 2008, the amount of burglaries that were reported in Philadelphia totaled 5,828 while those reported In Pittsburgh trailed behind at Just 1. 390. This averages 112 burglaries a day in Philadelphia for an affected area of 135. 9 square miles while Pittsburgh averages only 26 burglaries a day for a smaller area of 55 square miles. However, in 2009, the uniform Crime Report stated that the amount of reported burglaries In Philadelphia had dropped from 5,828 to a lower rate of 4,847 and the burglaries in Pittsburgh roping from 1,390 to a lower rate of 1,220. There is a large decrease in the amount or reported burglaries for the year of 2009 averaging almost 1000 burglaries fewer than the previous year in 2008 resulting in an average of 93 burglaries a day from the 112 per day from 2008.In Pittsburgh, crime reduced to a rate of 23 burglaries a day from the 26 per day from the previous year, resulting In 170 less burglaries from the 11390 ;n 2008. When determining the factors that explain the difference in burglaries for Philadelphia has a much, much larger population than Pittsburgh, resulting in the Geiger reported burglaries in that area and the larger number of decrease in crime in 2009.The decrease in crime in both cities shows that law enforcement, home security system, and neighborhood watches, have been e ffectively used as a burglary deterrent in both cities. Other factors play into the fall of the crime rate include Job availability; less people are unemployed which means that people are less desperate to come up with money which reduces the burglary rates. Another cause for the reduction of burglary is that seasoned criminals who were committing the crimes homeless and recruiting others to assist with committing the crimes are now behind bars. Additional factors such as crime code changes, incidents not being crimes, a fall in reporting, and fewer police officers observing crimes (Understanding The Crime Fall, (2013) are also important when determining why crime has reduced in an area. Whether viewing crime rates in two cities such as Pittsburgh and Philadelphia or Dallas and Austin, data obtained from the Uniform Crime Report has been essential in determining what areas of the United States are affected by more or less crime Han others since its creation in 1929. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-19488667594799374292019-11-28T13:27:00.001-08:002019-11-28T13:27:05.325-08:00Now or Never free essay sample I said to my friends Sean, Charlie, Nick, Ben, Megan, and Melanie. We were on our second day of spring break, in our high school senior year, getting ready to hit the road and get on our way to Destin, Florida. It was a frantic time before we were actually on our official way. Of course, it was traffic hour when we all decide to leave, that just added to the chaos. We werent going on this trip alone though, we were going with a whole flock of people. There were seven parent chaperones and about fourteen other friends/ siblings and a couple of their friends too. With all of these people we obviously werent going to fit into one car. We took three cars between all of us. and of course I was thinking to myself, ââ¬Å" Screw it! Itââ¬â¢s now or never! I can handle the drive; in my parents 1997 Chevy suburban! â⬠I was so pumped up and ready to be on the road. We will write a custom essay sample on Now or Never or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now it was the seven of us in the good olââ¬â¢ trusty ââ¬Å"burbanâ⬠; thatââ¬â¢s what we would call the suburban for short. Now, this car is just a few years old and she has had many road trips in her; but she has had a number of battle scars under the hood from our past adventures. We were loaded up and loaded down, packed to the brim; in this seven seater about thirty minutes from the house, and my friend Charlie got a call from our buddy Allen. Allen is a good friend of all ours and his bulb didnt always burn too bright. Especially this day. Allen said to Charlie, ââ¬Å"Yo fool, did yaââ¬â¢ll dip yet,? I am ready to go! â⬠We all sort of saw this coming, but we didnââ¬â¢t know if he was going to bail on his selfish girlfriend and come to Destin. I was being a good friend and I turned that blue ââ¬Å"burbanâ⬠around; Even though we there was no room left in the suburban and the other cars were already well on there way, I was going to be driving solo from the pack. I liked being independent; I was somewhat of a daredevil. I guess you could say that I was a little too over confident in myself and my abilities. We pulled up to Allenââ¬â¢s house and jammed him and his bags in the back row, somehow. We were slammed packed, but we were all young and nimble. We all loved each other dearly; we were all best friends. Now we have all the pieces to our puzzling friends together, and I finally caught back up to the rest of the caravan by dusk. It took us twenty-two hours to make it there. We had twenty-two hours left. Once we were there the wild times times began to brew. The guys and the girls each had their own condo, that alone I think says a lot about the mood of the trip. It was party party from the moment we arrived in Florida. Day three of the trip, I was enjoying some adult beverages since I was on vacation. Drinking is something we would do as a family when we went on vacation, mostly wine though. This time it was vodka and coconut rum, and just enough to make me feel great. In my mind, I was on top of the world. My buddy Seanââ¬â¢s parents rented a three wheel motorcycle/go-cart hybrid that I knew I could drive. Seanââ¬â¢s little brother drove it away from his parents with me in shotgun, aka the passengers seat. This thing drove like a motorcycle, so I thought it could handle like a motorcycle. Corey, Seans little brother, squeezed the thing down the sidewalk to beat traffic and into the condominium parking lot. The condos we stayed at were right on a golf course. We drove around that place like we owned it. We took turns driving it. I went out the condo parking lot into the grass and back towards our condo with the throttle all the way down. I started to weave through some curves. I really felt good about my driving skills. I whipped around a corner and next thing I knew I was on two wheels; and I have no more control of this motorcycle/tricycle. Bam!! I slammed right into a fire hydrant and it didnt budge one bit. Corey luckily bailed. With all the momentum going forward then coming to an immediate stop, he went flying twenty feet forward. He managed to only chip his two front teeth. As for me, I slammed chest first into the steering column. I immediately knew I was in a lot of pain in both my chest and in my pocketbook. I knew this was gonna cost a pretty penny. I didnt have any major injuries, just a badly bruised rib cage and the air knocked out of me for day it seemed. From that day forward I will never drink and drive; Ive learned that ââ¬Å"now or neverâ⬠was not the best motto. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-38502445684321569002019-11-24T21:01:00.001-08:002019-11-24T21:01:04.054-08:00Definition and Examples of an Antonym in EnglishDefinition and Examples of an Antonym in English An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word, such as hot and cold, short and tall. An antonym is the antonym of synonym. Adjective: antonymous. Another word for antonym is counterterm. Antonymy is the sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning. Edward Finnegan defines antonymy as a binary relationship between terms with complementary meanings. Its sometimes said that antonymy occurs most often among adjectives, butà as Steven Jones et al. point out, its more accurate to say that antonym relations are more central to the adjective classes than to other classes. Nouns can be antonyms (for example, courage and cowardice), as can verbs (arrive and depart), adverbs (carefully and carelessly), and even prepositions (above and below).à Examples and Observations You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget.Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.Opposition and ParallelismFactors that contribute to particularly good antonym pairings may relate to more than just the two items semantic oppositeness; for instance, the pairing of increase and decrease is supported by their rhyme and the perception of a parallel morphology, as well as their semantic opposition.Three Types of AntonymsLinguists identify three types of antonymy: (1) Gradable antonyms, which operate on a continuum: (very) big, (very) small. Such pairs often occur in binomial phrases with and: (blow) hot and cold, (search) high and low. (2) Complementary antonyms, which express an either/or relationship: dead or alive, male or female. (3) Converse or relational antonyms, expressi ng reciprocity: borrow or lend, buy or sell, wife or husband. The Lighter Side of AntonymsA man in the Land of the Houyhnhnms,Had a large collection of antonyms;He would say, This is great!Theyre in pairs, so they mate,Unlike synonyms, and, of course, homonyms.(W. S. Brownlee) Pronunciation AN-ti-nim Source: Tom McArthur, Antonym. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992. Steven Jones et al.,à Antonyms in English: Construals, Constructions, and Canonicity. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, 1931. Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006. Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-12493207658172223182019-11-21T08:14:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:14:03.409-08:00National Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsNational Policy - Essay Example According to our UNIT 7 lecture notes, public policy ââ¬Å"refers to the actions taken by government ââ¬â its decisions that are intended to solve problems and improve the quality of life for its citizens.â⬠In this case, public policy is actually formed following these three processes: policy formulation and adoptionââ¬âthis is where an approach is come up by different political stakeholders in solving a certain problem; implementationââ¬âthis is where the decision of government is put into effect; and evaluation and termination evaluationââ¬âthis is where a specific public policy is reviewed and evaluated based on a cost-benefit analysis. In this case, a particular problem is actually identified through something that attracts attention of the government, especially when the welfare of the public is harmed or threatened. In determining solutions for this problem, different political stakeholders actually present their approach on how the problem is solvedâ⬠âincluding congress, the executive and the judicial branches of government, civil society groups, political parties, and even the citizens most affected. Works Cited Unit 7: Politics and the Economy (Lecture Notes) Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-24804315310637626902019-11-20T11:09:00.001-08:002019-11-20T11:09:04.218-08:00Fieldler's Contingency Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsFieldler's Contingency Theory - Research Paper Example This scale measures the leadership style of an individual by taking into consideration the opinion of the persons that have been able to work the least well with the subject. The theory might seem a bit odd since one would think that the opinion of the person that you had trouble with would not be such an important factor. The theory can be used to differentiate between relationship motivated styles and task motivated leaders. There are three situational control variables that must be considered. The three situational control variables are leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. The Fieldler contingency theory can be used in the workplace to improve the performance of the workers by using the best leadership style based on the circumstances. Take for example a project manager leading a group of workers. The workers the project manager was given were a group of recently recruited employees. They lack a lot of experience at the work tasks and have little knowledge of the corporate culture of the firm. Based on this scenario it would be more effective for the project manager to use a task orientated leadership style. The project manager should pay close attention to each member of the crew to make sure that the workers understand what is expected of them. The project manager should establish good communications and relations with the workers to build a bond of trust. In the future once I reach a position where I have to exert leadership to manage a group of people I plan on using Fielderââ¬â¢s contingency theory to my advantage. If I was faced with leading a group of workers that had lots of experience, good interpersonal relations among themselves and with the boss, understanding of the culture of the firm and clear knowledge of what is expected of them I would use a relationship-motivated leadership style. A company that has utilized Fielder contingency theory to improve the performance of its workers is Sears Roebuck. Contingency theory has tremendous utility because it can be applied in a wide variety of industries. The theory allows the leader to adapt to the circumstances. The academic community has used Fieldlerââ¬â¢s contingency theory in research studies to test different aspects of leadership. A study performed on 360 senior managers across 20 different British firms concluded that leadership and decision making must be analyzed form a contingency rather than a universalistic perspective (Heller, 1973). Fieldlerââ¬â¢s work has evolved and recently the theory has evolved through the development of cognitive resource theory. The new cognitive approach states that that leader should use directive or nondirective behavior based on situational contingencies such as experience, support of the leader, and stress. For example when leaders have to manage a group of employees working on tight deadlines such as an accounting staff during the closing period the leader should not exert excessive pressure on the sta ff since the worker already realizes the deadlines they have to meet. Being a facilitator during these circumstances is a more effective leadership style. Contingency theories such as Fieldlerââ¬â¢s direct their research towards discovering the variables that make certain leadership characteristics and behaviors effective in specific situations (Gunbayi, 2005). Contingency theory can be very effective in fast adaptive environments such as a casino operation. The casino Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-76980243797658270212019-11-18T04:38:00.001-08:002019-11-18T04:38:04.157-08:00Home Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsHome Networking - Article Example dependent of one another either by resulting to emerging internet architect and protocols or by painting new UI ahead of technologies that are existing (Edwards et al., 2011). Challenges facing home networking are what make it a bit inconveniencing to users (Edwards et al., 2011). These are the reason for the slowdown in home networking but there are solutions to them. Once the problems are solved then, home networking can be more convenient to the users (Edwards et al., 2011). The article perspective is that of user (Edwards et al., 2011). This is because he has identified various problems experienced in home networking. Additionally, has stated the possible solutions that can be of use to try to solve the problems facing home networking (Edwards et al., 2011). Adoption of networking in homes has become rampant over the years. For instance, in 2009, 63% of homes in the U.S had broadband connectivity and more than 50% had a home network (Edwards et al., 2011). The home network is multiple computers using a shared connection (broadband) through wireless or wireless (Edwards et al., 2011). In late 1999 as ell as inception of 2000, this knowhow has greatly though showed gigantic growth problems. This problem, which experience is beyond inconvenience, as it poses threats to their privacy. Addressing these problems will first require research from the industry, system, and the networking. The advantage is that it bears implications, which are positive especially meant for sustainability as well as public accessibility. This is a commendable breakthrough based on its boosting to commercial, education as well as communication services (Edwards et al., 2011). Home network has problems more so on end users who find difficulties in securing and managing their networks because this development is for managed environment. The privacy of an individual is not a guarantee and it does not have the chance to install applications of new-generation (Edwards et al., Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4600305879410195174.post-36252622877735325412019-11-15T17:10:00.001-08:002019-11-15T17:10:04.523-08:00Islamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip CasesIslamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip Cases Islamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip Cases In Middle East With Special Reference To Jordan Introduction The law of intellectual property is one of the areas of law that has emerged in Jordan relatively recently. The reasons for such late emergence of intellectual property law in Jordan are that there were no sufficient conditions for development of this area of law in this jurisdiction. Due to this fact, courts in Jordan were hardly able to decide such cases because of their complexity and lack of necessary skills and knowledge of judges in respected area of law. It is for this reason it seems that Jordanian legal practitioners saw the necessity of establishing courts which would adjudicate such cases. The law of intellectual property is one of the areas that pose several challenges to trade area, where sellers of unauthorized products or products which breach intellectual property rights are widespread. It is inevitable truth of most Arab countries and in this respect it seems that position of intellectual property legislation saw its goal. Some would ask: Why would Jordan need intellectual property law at all? It does not have such potential in order to enforce such complicated legislation and procedures. The answer lies in increasing importance of Jordan as a financial and trade center of Middle East, which would compete and challenge such centers as U.A.E. and Qatar. In order to ensure such position in market, Jordan, first, has to ensure that legislation is in harmony with international trade and financial legislation. Amidst them, intellectual property law, if not most important, but occupies significant place to such an extent that it has to increase awareness and skills in this area. Simultaneously, one of the important and flexible methods of alternative dispute resolution as arbitration has to play here crucial role. Arbitration is one of the areas of alternative dispute resolution, necessity of which has increased along with globalization of international trade. It has been seen as one of the areas which can significantly simplify international trade procedure without bringing unsolvable complexities into the business which has already gone into complexities. The arbitration of cases related to intellectual property is different and complicated matter, which cannot be explained with reference to arbitration of normal and common cases that emerge in the course of international or local trade. It requires lawyers which are not only fluent but also skilled in matters of IP law and practice. Such lawyers, the amount of which is few in Jordan, can be and should be trained in this area in order to ensure the integrity of arbitration procedures in IP cases. As a rule, majority of companies and lawyers cannot trust to state courts, which would consider intellectual property cases along with ordinary cases and are subject to inevitable error by doing incorrect analogies in decision of such cases. Usually parties which address their cases to state courts are usually unsatisfied not only with level of knowledge of judges in intellectual property cases but also with complexity of procedure. In this sense, one should realize the importance of arbitration methods for adjudication of intellectual property cases. Jordan, it seems, have realized the serious threat posed by this problem and have taken number of measures in order to respond to this challenges. One of the notable measures is certainly sending law students abroad in order to prepare future judges specialized on intellectual property disputes. This has been done effectively and majority of students are in prominent institutions which are really strong in this area of law. Second is creation of respective legislation in this area, yet there are some gaps which are inevitable and these gaps should be filled in order to harmonize Jordanian legislation in the field of arbitration and IP law. Jordan has examples to learn from and it is its closest neighbors such as U.A.E., Qatar and Bahrain. These countries have foremost skills and experience in these fields of law. It is not only explained by abundance of their experts but also rapid expansion of their economies and integration into the world economy. In this respect, Jordan is in more convenient position than other countries since even the culture of its neighbors is identical to Jordan. The similarity in culture and tradition is one of the factors that make harmonization of Jordanian IP legislation much easier and painless. Besides, the lack of experience and knowledge not only in IP law, but also in arbitration process in IP case makes Jordan vulnerable to the challenge posed by the legal world of these neighbors. It is for this reason; the necessity of this dissertation is realized. There is also Islamic factor that raises issue. Since Jordanian constitution recognizes Islam as a religion of state and due to historical circumstances when Islamic law dominated Jordan for centuries, it raises question: Has Islamic law influenced emergence and development of arbitration in Jordan as well as of intellectual property law? In this respect, Akhtar remarked: ââ¬Å"there exist considerable variations in the Middle East on the incorporation and application of arbitration laws and the practice and procedure in enforcing arbitral awards, which are complicated further by the differing interaction between Sharia law and Western systems of law in each countryâ⬠. Therefore, the major goal of this dissertation is to examine whether Islamic legal principles in fact had an impact on development of arbitration and intellectual property law in Jordan. It will be tested on the basis of case related to IP law decided in arbitration courts of Jordan. The importance of this topic is realized in the context of rising importance of Jordan as emerging economic and financial leader in Middle East. It is also realized due to the fact that Islamic law is a dominant system in contemporary Middle East. This dissertation consists of four parts: (i) first chapter briefly examines the basic tenets of Islamic law; (ii) second chapter briefly examines arbitration system in Jordan; (iii) third chapter briefly analyses intellectual property law in Jordan; and (iv) final chapter, an important one scrutinizes Jordanian intellectual property disputes arbitration for compliance with Islamic law. Overview Of Jordanian And Islamic Law Jordan is one of the countries in the world that inherited several features of different legislations at a time. One of the major influences was Ottoman legislation, since Jordan was under their dominancy for almost 700 years. In this respect, it can be said that it has been influence not only by Islamic law, which was the law of Ottoman empire but also by features of unique Ottoman law, which coexisted in one line with Islamic law. Legislation And Judicial System In Jordan Once Jordan became a subject of European colonization in 19 century, it inevitably embraced some features of European legislation. Yet, at present time, Jordanian legislation is surprising mixture of European and Islamic elements. The system of government in Jordan is parliamentary monarchy. Yet, it should be noted that monarchy in Jordan is almost absolute since all powers are vested in the King of Jordan who is considered to be direct descendant of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.V.) As in other countries of the world, the power in Jordan is divided into three branches, namely, legislative, executive and judicial. However, unlike other countries King may interfere within functioning of legislative power or other in order to ensure his absolute status. The constitution of Jordan openly declares Islam as the religion of state. However, upon the close examination of Jordanian legislation, one cannot call it Islamic state since it contains elements which are contrary to Islamic legal principles. Unlike Saudi constitution which declares Islam as a source of law, Jordan constitution declares Islam only as a religion of state. It is, however, not clear what it implies. Nonetheless, one can see the consequences of Islam being declared as a religion of state, in the legal system, where there is duality of courts. Jordanian courts are divided into secular and religious courts. While religious courts are not only Islamic but also ecclesial or Christian courts, which are free to decide family matters of their respective religious communities. The competence of religious courts, including Islamic, are not extended to the matters of commercial and administrative law. Therefore, matters pertaining to commercial or administrative law are decided in secular courts. Officially, Jordanian constitution declares that there are three types of courts: (i) civil courts; (ii) religious courts; and (iii) special courts. Yet, civil courts also hear criminal cases along with civil cases and cases of administrative field. Religious courts are divided into Islamic and courts of other non-Muslim communities. Both of them hear cases within scope of their competence. It is interesting that Sharia courts also hear cases which are related to the compensation of blood money where one of the parties are not Muslims. Compensation of blood-money, otherwise called diya, is one of the old features of Islamic criminal law and it is surprising that it is not in competence of secular courts but religious. The constitution does not define how special courts function, leaving this matter to the law. Yet, there are tribunals which are designed to interpret law and one of them is High Tribunal, the purpose of which to interpret constitution when required by government. It is also necessary to provide brief overview about Shari ââ¬Ëa, which occupies significant position in Jordanian legislation. Sharia, otherwise called Islamic law, is one of the ancient systems of law that has been preserved since 7 century A.D. with some modifications. The sources of Sharia, according to Muslim belief, are Quran and Sunna. First being Holy Book of Islamic religion and second are traditions or precedents of Prophet of Islam. Besides, official Islamic dogma declares that Islamic jurisprudence functions according to four sources of law, Quran, Sunna, ijma and qiyas. Ijma, otherwise called consensus is being interpreted differently by four schools of Islamic law and same goes with qiyas, which is otherwise called analogy. Four schools of Islamic law that has emerged at different periods of time during first century of Islam, mainly diverge upon interpretation of major or secondary sources of Islamic law. Islamic law does not recognize freedom of contract and prohibits such elements of trade and economy as charging interest, fortuity and gambling. In order to comply with these principles, Islamic lawyers has developed certain methods and forms which would allow Muslim to operate in one or another way in business world. One of the remarkable features of new Islamic jurisprudence is creation of Islamic banking, which replaces interest with profit-and-loss sharing concept, Islamic insurance that operates in almost similar fashion and other new concepts as Islamic bonds, otherwise called sukkuk. As far as intellectual property concerned, Islamic law protects inviolability of property as well as its manifestations in different forms. The same applies to any form of intellectual property, be it trademark or invention. Arbitration in Islamic law is unique, since arbitration has been inherent to Arab culture and was called hakama. Hakams were arbitrators in ancient Arabia and judged according to Arab customs and traditions. Therefore, there is nothing new in arbitration which is not familiar to Islamic lawyers. In last century, the position of Islamic law in disputes that were decided in arbitration courts was widely ignored. It is evident from several cases. In Petroleum Development (Trucial Coasts) Ltd. V. Shaikh of Abu Dhabi, Lord Asquith, the arbitrator ironically observed: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦it would be fanciful to suggest that in this very primitive region there is any settled body of legal principles applicable to the construction of modern commercial instrumentsâ⬠. Another remark, done by arbitrator in Ruler of Qatar v. International Marine Oil Company Ltd., was bitterer and arrogant: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦I am satisfied that the [Islamic] law does not contain any principles which would be sufficient to interpret this particular contractâ⬠. Such excesses and bitter remarks were summed up and characterized in the following terms: ââ¬Å"In general, the legal community throughout the Arab world is still manifesting its hostility to transnational arbitration mainly as a result of the great publicity devoted to the criticism of certain unfortunate arbitral awards rendered as of 1951 by western arbitrators who excluded, with terms of a humiliating nature, the application of the national applicable legal systems of countries like Abu Dhabi or Qatarâ⬠. It should be also noted that Jordanian legislation does not fully implement precepts of Islamic law such as prohibition of interest or insurance. There are banks and insurance companies in Jordan which operate according to Western principles of banking and insurance. The companies and banks in Jordan are free to operate in the mode they choose to be most efficient for them. There is no hindrance on the part of Jordanian government in this sense. Defining Islamic Law There is no single or unified definition of Islamic law. Various scholars offer various definitions. I shall not go into each definition offered but shall arbitrarily explicate some of them. One of the famous scholars of Islamic law, Joseph Schacht offered an interesting definition for Islamic law: ââ¬Å"Islamic law is the epitome of the Islamic spirit, the most typical manifestation of the Islamic way of life, the kernel of Islam itselfâ⬠. Goitein, it seems, offered more precise and comprehensive definition: ââ¬Å"Islamic religion is characterised by the prominence of legal conceptions in its systems: The Sharia, or holy law, is its very essence and Fiqh, or religious jurisprudence, is its science (ââ¬Ëilm) par excellence. The minute observation of many commandments is its most conspicuous practical aspect; the free fellowship of religious scholars, who do not need authorisation by any government to interpret, develop and apply its law, is its most representative body, and even purely legal sections of the Fiqh are studied as an act of worshipâ⬠. These two definitions are not exhaustive but reflect true essence of Islamic law. Schachts ââ¬Ëway of life and Goiteins ââ¬Ëreligious jurisprudence constitute what is called Shariah in Arabic. Moreover, Islamic law cannot be compared with common or continental legal systems. It is because latter do deal and embrace all areas of law, whereas Islamic law mostly deal with private law, leaving aside public law. Therefore, the claim of some countries that since their legislation is based on Shariah, their law is being regulated by divine law is not correct. The Shariah only applies to matters of private law in these countries and the public law has been imported from Western models. The majority of scholars have long been recognizing Quran as a major source of Islamic law, sometimes without examining what it stands for. It was Schacht who first suggested that Shafii, prominent Islamic jurist, paid merely lip-service to Quran as a source of law in his jurisprudential theory. Certainly, major principles of Islamic law has been deducted from Quran but it is only a major and in a number of cases, we discover that Muslim jurists are dependant or totally reliant on other sources rather than Quran without hesitation. The holy book of Islam or Muslims all over the world, Quran is believed by Muslims to have been revealed via Archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, who is regarded by Muslims as both Prophet and Messenger of God. Quran is law but law in a spiritual sense. If you ask a Muslim: What is your law (Sharia)? He or she would respond: ââ¬Å"Quranâ⬠without realizing whether it is spiritual or actual law. For the purposes of present study, Quran is a source of law but to a limited extent since a major proportion of rules and judgments is being extracted from other sources of law and via different methods of legal reasoning. It is not however realized by ordinary Muslim as such, and even by Muslim jurist, who would suggest that sources for such rulings is Sharia and all rules, embodied in Sharia are immutable and should not be a subject of any challenge by anyone. Before turning to critical points, it is crucial to explore basics of Quran. Quran is the holy book of Islamic religion. It is said to have been revealed during 23 years, once Prophet Muhammed started his mission among Arab people. The Quran derives from the word ââ¬Ëqara which denotes in Arabic, reciting or reading. It is also asserted that with a same meaning it is cited in Old Testament in Hebrew language. There are other names which are designed for Quran, such as ââ¬ËQuran al-Majid or ââ¬Ëal-Quran ash-Sharif or ââ¬ËFurqan, etc. For the purpose of present study, it shall be called Quran, which is rather easy to refer and this way we shall avoid confusion. The divine legislation is said to have been established through revelation of Quran in stages as I have mentioned earlier. The modern scholars as well as classic jurists were still unsure about precise role of Quran as a source of legislation. It is not clear whether the role of Quran corresponds to the hierarchy where it has been hoisted to the primary position. In fact, Quran has never been a primary source as we understand a primacy in modern jurisprudence. Muslim jurists would often rule according to verse of Quran but not a principle or spirit that it implies. They would pay a lip-service to Quran as a source of all legislation, but in fact they would disregard those rules of Quran that should have been regarded in specific occasion. The precise role of Quran is difficult to define; it is because the primacy of Quran has been overshadowed by other sources and methods of law. Quran has always been mentioned along with Sunna, second sources of Islamic law which we shall have occasion to discuss in the next paragraph. In order to demonstrate the position of Quran as a source of law, let us look at some examples of utilization of Quran in classic Islamic jurisprudence. The Prophetic Traditions or hadith as called in Arabic form a second source of law in hierarchy of sources of Islamic law and jurisprudence. It does not only occupy this position indeed but sometimes shares dominancy with Quran. The difference that emerged between Muslim jurists and later led to establishment of schools of law was caused by diverging interpretation of Prophetic Tradition. From liberal approach of Hanafis to strict compliance of Zahiris, they all dispute on nature of Prophetic Traditions as a source of law. Sometimes their conflict went as far as one realise that it is rather absurdity than logical argument. The word ââ¬Ëijma, which is basically translated as ââ¬Ëcollecting or ââ¬Ëassembling, in a legal sense has caused a lot of debates over its validity. It is sometimes viewed as a consensus of either jurists or Muslims in general. Some assert that it is consensus of early Muslims Companions over common postulates of faith and religion. The consensus might be reached if it is unanimously adopted in practice or ââ¬Ëcustom as in the case of international law. Second, consensus might be uttered in respect of certain ruling by majority of either scholars or jurists. Finally, it can be ââ¬Ëe silentio support for certain opinion by majority of jurists that have the right to adjudicate their independent opinion. It is not clear from Islamic jurisprudential theory when ijma should be employed and what certain conditions are. Some jurists, Hanafi, for instance, usually in their judgments, say ââ¬Ëthere has been consensus on this issue or ââ¬Ëquestion but they never clarified how and why such consensus has been reached among them. We also do not know whether we may employ ijma concept in modern context and whether it shall be binding on all Muslims or adopted by them as a constituent part of Islamic law. In Sunni jurisprudence, we know that by way of ijma, certain jurists united into groups affiliated with dominating opinion of single jurist, which later became known as ââ¬Ëschools of law or ââ¬Ëmadhahib. It has also been asserted that ijma on common legal issues has been reached in eighth century by respective founders of ââ¬Ëmadhahib; there is no way to re-visit these concepts or judgments. When speaking of analogy principle in Islamic law, it is not clear whether it is absolute or not or whether it is logically applicable to all cases. The word ââ¬Ëqiyas itself means ââ¬Ëto compare and it is regarded as one of the major sources of Islamic law. Islamic jurists themselves stipulate four predominant conditions of analogy: The precept or practice upon which it is founded must be of common (amm) and not of special (khass) application; The cause (ââ¬Ëilla) of the injunction must be known and understood; The decision must be based upon either the Quran, the Sunna, or the Ijma; The decision arrived at must not be contrary to anything declared elsewhere in the Quran and Sunna. The fourth stipulation raises some concerns. As we have discussed earlier, there are a lot of contradictions between Quran and Sunna, and even within Quran and within Sunna. The jurists attempted to decide such contradictions by asserting that there cannot be hypothetically any conflicts between these sources and even within these sources; they exist and it is reality. This factor also serves as a great hindrance in deriving rules or judgments from primary sources of Islamic law. Even though these rules has been developed and elaborated by jurists; there are still a lot of controversies with application of this principle. It is caused by a different degree of application in schools of law and conflict between jurists whether such analogy might be applied when the necessity in such application is clear. Thus, for instance, it is not clear why principle of justice embodied in Quran might not be equally applied to all subjects of Islamic state, be it Muslim or non-Muslim. Normally, Islamic jurist would object saying that since Quran is only for Muslims, its injunctions are only applicable to Muslims. There is no logic which might be applied but incoherence in reasoning, sometimes leading to absurd conclusions. Concluding Remarks In present chapter, we have discussed general legal conceptions that exist in Jordanian and Islamic law. There is a big difference between them because of the nature of legislation. Islamic law is mainly religious, whereas Jordanian is secular; even though Constitution claims that Islamic is a state religion. In majority of Islamic countries, a fact that Islamic is a religion of state is merely lip-service to Islamic as a religion of people. It does not go further than that, except some countries as Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. But even legislation of these countries demonstrates how secular they are in their nature. It does not however mean that Jordan lack of Islamic legal taste; there are some aspects of Islamic law in Jordanian legislation, as we have seen previously. The matters of marriage, divorce, inheritance and religious endowment are mainly under realms of Islamic law. Yet, on the other hands, similar matters that arise with other religious communities are decided based on their respective religious law. However, the matters which are related to arbitration and intellectual property are mainly based on secular, precisely on European model based laws. Therefore, purpose of forthcoming chapters will be to examine whether they comply with Islamic law in general. Arbitration System In Jordan And Compliance With Islamic Law And Its Implications For Intellectual Property Law This chapter summarizes the current state of arbitration system in Jordan and issue of its compliance with Islamic law. It is done with purpose to acquaint readers with main aspects of these systems and legislation, so he or she has full understanding when looking through forthcoming chapters. Arbitration In Jordan The arbitration process in Jordan is being regulated by special law Law No. 31 of 2001 otherwise called Jordan Arbitration Law. It is not unique; neither has it been adopted from international law, but from Egyptian Arbitration Act No. 27 of 1994, which in turn has been adopted from UNCITRAL Model Law 1985. The law consists of 7 parts and 56 articles. It can be structured thus: (1) General provisions (Articles 1-8); (2) Arbitration agreement (Articles 9-13); (3) Arbitration tribunal (Articles 14-23); (4) Arbitration proceedings (Articles 24-35); (5) Arbitral award and termination proceedings (Articles 36-47); (6) Nullity of arbitral award (Articles 48-51); (7) Enforcement of awards (Articles 52-56). The Art. 3 makes the scope of law absolute; it extends to any arbitration proceedings in Jordan and to any cases whether they derive from contractual dispute or not. Neither does it differentiate between commercial or civil disputes; both of them are within scope of this law. The Art. 5 allows not only contracting parties to choose the arbitration procedure but also a third party which shall be able to choose such procedure. The Art. 8 explicitly prohibits the intervention by state courts; yet, it stipulates that the arbitration tribunal may ask the intervention of state courts where former needs the participation of experts, witnesses, etc. As far as arbitration agreement is concerned, Art. 9 allows only those persons, be it physical or legal, which has legal capacity, to conclude such agreement. It does not allow arbitration on matters which are on ââ¬Å"amiable compositeaurâ⬠basis. The arbitration agreement is valid only if in writing, according to Art. 10a, yet, the form of written agreement is flexible. It can be contained in exchange of letters, faxes, etc. It has been also reaffirmed by Jordanian Court of Cassation which stated: ââ¬Å"the arbitration clause as established should be written, clear and explicit as well, by virtue of Article 10/A of the Arbitration Law No. 31of 2001â⬠. The law also allows parties to render their dispute to arbitration whilst in state court, in which case state court has the right to refer to arbitration tribunal and its reference shall be viewed as arbitration agreement in writing. As far as arbitration tribunal concerned, Art. 14a and b, establishes that number of arbitrators shall be odd, otherwise it is void. If there is a disagreement between parties then number of arbitrators is three. Noteworthy, the law reaffirms the independence of arbitration clause, which is according to Art. 22, is not dependent on other clause of underlying contract. The language of arbitration proceedings is Arabic but law allows the use of another language or other languages upon consent of parties, according to Art. 28a. Most importantly, Art. 17 upheld the principle of impartiality and independence of arbitrators and in elaboration of this provision Court of Cassation further held: ââ¬Å"all arbitral procedures, in which the challenged arbitrator has participated, including the arbitral award, shall be deemed voidâ⬠. These are the major aspects of arbitration law in Jordan. Besides, Jordan has also ratified the New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards by the virtue of Jordanian Court of Cassation, where it was remarked: ââ¬Å"It is understood from the Article (2) of Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Law No. 8 of 1952 that the foreign arbitral award which has been enforced and ratified by the forum court , shall be enforceable in Jordan in accordance with all the clauses and requirements, and does not conflict with any of the stipulated provisions of Article (7) of the said lawâ⬠. The ratification of New York Convention by Jordan should be viewed as positive development and attractive for the foreign companies who wish to deal with Jordanian companies or invest in Jordan. The same applies to IP disputes; any company which would challenge Jordanian company with the claim of breach of copyright or violation of other forms of intellectual property, are in convenience in the view of ratification of New York Convention. However, in his study of issues pertaining enforcement, Haddad critically commented: ââ¬Å"Turning again to Jordanian Law which provides, as has just been seen, that a foreign award must be enforceable in the place in which it was issued, which means that the award should have been reduced to a judgment in the foreign countryâ⬠. It implies that Jordanian legislation does not recognise validity of foreign judgement as enforceable in Jordan. But he noted that ââ¬Å"this approach may be criticized since it may be difficult in practice or even impossible to achieve this goal in certain circumstances, particularly in institutional arbitration. In this type of arbitration, it may happen that the parties involved in the proceedings including the arbitrators, and all other relevant factors have no relation whatsoever with the place of arbitration except that the proceedings were conducted there. In such a case, the foreign court may reasonably reject to enforce the award rendered in its country, and that means that the award may not be enforced in Jordan eitherâ⬠. In such dubious situation, it is unclear how Jordanian legislation on arbitration would cope with this kind of problem. It seems to be paradoxical situation because award cannot be enforced either domestically or locally. It will also have some implication for enforcement of foreign arbitral awards on intellectual property rights since majority of arbitral awards may not be enforced in foreign country since its enforcement should be accomplished in Jordan because of object of dispute. In such case, it is difficult to predict how arbitration courts and moreover state courts would deal with it. Enforcement Of Foreign Arbitration Awards In Jordan One of the problems that foreign company may encounter in Jordan is the problem of enforcement of award related to IP cases in Jordan. It is clear that certain IP cases may intervene with public policy and in this regard it is nearly impossible to assert such possibility may not arise. IP legislation in Jordan being in immature position sometimes may not offer effective solutions for parties which are from different countries. In this regard, one should closely take a look at public policy issues in Jordan. According to IP legislation, certain names cannot be registered as trademarks in Jordan. However: what if the name of foreign company or brand coincides with the name trademark registration of which is illegal in Jordan? The company in this case would face difficulties in carrying out business and moreover it would face difficulties in enforcing award that has been rendered in foreign or international arbitration court. The case of Mitsubishi in U.S. showed how difficult it is to determine whether one case is subject to public policy or not. It has changed the contours of arbitrability in U.S. but the question arises: can such case have implication for Jordanian arbitration system? One can answer positively, but one would be confused when it comes to IP arbitration. IP arbitration, as it has been seen, is a difficult and complex matter. It cannot be simply adjusted as in the case of ordinary commercial arbitration. The IP legislation is diverse and this diversity may imply negative consequences for arbitration, since arbitrators should be expertise in all areas Islamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip Cases Islamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip Cases Islamic Law And Its Impact On Arbitration Of Ip Cases In Middle East With Special Reference To Jordan Introduction The law of intellectual property is one of the areas of law that has emerged in Jordan relatively recently. The reasons for such late emergence of intellectual property law in Jordan are that there were no sufficient conditions for development of this area of law in this jurisdiction. Due to this fact, courts in Jordan were hardly able to decide such cases because of their complexity and lack of necessary skills and knowledge of judges in respected area of law. It is for this reason it seems that Jordanian legal practitioners saw the necessity of establishing courts which would adjudicate such cases. The law of intellectual property is one of the areas that pose several challenges to trade area, where sellers of unauthorized products or products which breach intellectual property rights are widespread. It is inevitable truth of most Arab countries and in this respect it seems that position of intellectual property legislation saw its goal. Some would ask: Why would Jordan need intellectual property law at all? It does not have such potential in order to enforce such complicated legislation and procedures. The answer lies in increasing importance of Jordan as a financial and trade center of Middle East, which would compete and challenge such centers as U.A.E. and Qatar. In order to ensure such position in market, Jordan, first, has to ensure that legislation is in harmony with international trade and financial legislation. Amidst them, intellectual property law, if not most important, but occupies significant place to such an extent that it has to increase awareness and skills in this area. Simultaneously, one of the important and flexible methods of alternative dispute resolution as arbitration has to play here crucial role. Arbitration is one of the areas of alternative dispute resolution, necessity of which has increased along with globalization of international trade. It has been seen as one of the areas which can significantly simplify international trade procedure without bringing unsolvable complexities into the business which has already gone into complexities. The arbitration of cases related to intellectual property is different and complicated matter, which cannot be explained with reference to arbitration of normal and common cases that emerge in the course of international or local trade. It requires lawyers which are not only fluent but also skilled in matters of IP law and practice. Such lawyers, the amount of which is few in Jordan, can be and should be trained in this area in order to ensure the integrity of arbitration procedures in IP cases. As a rule, majority of companies and lawyers cannot trust to state courts, which would consider intellectual property cases along with ordinary cases and are subject to inevitable error by doing incorrect analogies in decision of such cases. Usually parties which address their cases to state courts are usually unsatisfied not only with level of knowledge of judges in intellectual property cases but also with complexity of procedure. In this sense, one should realize the importance of arbitration methods for adjudication of intellectual property cases. Jordan, it seems, have realized the serious threat posed by this problem and have taken number of measures in order to respond to this challenges. One of the notable measures is certainly sending law students abroad in order to prepare future judges specialized on intellectual property disputes. This has been done effectively and majority of students are in prominent institutions which are really strong in this area of law. Second is creation of respective legislation in this area, yet there are some gaps which are inevitable and these gaps should be filled in order to harmonize Jordanian legislation in the field of arbitration and IP law. Jordan has examples to learn from and it is its closest neighbors such as U.A.E., Qatar and Bahrain. These countries have foremost skills and experience in these fields of law. It is not only explained by abundance of their experts but also rapid expansion of their economies and integration into the world economy. In this respect, Jordan is in more convenient position than other countries since even the culture of its neighbors is identical to Jordan. The similarity in culture and tradition is one of the factors that make harmonization of Jordanian IP legislation much easier and painless. Besides, the lack of experience and knowledge not only in IP law, but also in arbitration process in IP case makes Jordan vulnerable to the challenge posed by the legal world of these neighbors. It is for this reason; the necessity of this dissertation is realized. There is also Islamic factor that raises issue. Since Jordanian constitution recognizes Islam as a religion of state and due to historical circumstances when Islamic law dominated Jordan for centuries, it raises question: Has Islamic law influenced emergence and development of arbitration in Jordan as well as of intellectual property law? In this respect, Akhtar remarked: ââ¬Å"there exist considerable variations in the Middle East on the incorporation and application of arbitration laws and the practice and procedure in enforcing arbitral awards, which are complicated further by the differing interaction between Sharia law and Western systems of law in each countryâ⬠. Therefore, the major goal of this dissertation is to examine whether Islamic legal principles in fact had an impact on development of arbitration and intellectual property law in Jordan. It will be tested on the basis of case related to IP law decided in arbitration courts of Jordan. The importance of this topic is realized in the context of rising importance of Jordan as emerging economic and financial leader in Middle East. It is also realized due to the fact that Islamic law is a dominant system in contemporary Middle East. This dissertation consists of four parts: (i) first chapter briefly examines the basic tenets of Islamic law; (ii) second chapter briefly examines arbitration system in Jordan; (iii) third chapter briefly analyses intellectual property law in Jordan; and (iv) final chapter, an important one scrutinizes Jordanian intellectual property disputes arbitration for compliance with Islamic law. Overview Of Jordanian And Islamic Law Jordan is one of the countries in the world that inherited several features of different legislations at a time. One of the major influences was Ottoman legislation, since Jordan was under their dominancy for almost 700 years. In this respect, it can be said that it has been influence not only by Islamic law, which was the law of Ottoman empire but also by features of unique Ottoman law, which coexisted in one line with Islamic law. Legislation And Judicial System In Jordan Once Jordan became a subject of European colonization in 19 century, it inevitably embraced some features of European legislation. Yet, at present time, Jordanian legislation is surprising mixture of European and Islamic elements. The system of government in Jordan is parliamentary monarchy. Yet, it should be noted that monarchy in Jordan is almost absolute since all powers are vested in the King of Jordan who is considered to be direct descendant of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.V.) As in other countries of the world, the power in Jordan is divided into three branches, namely, legislative, executive and judicial. However, unlike other countries King may interfere within functioning of legislative power or other in order to ensure his absolute status. The constitution of Jordan openly declares Islam as the religion of state. However, upon the close examination of Jordanian legislation, one cannot call it Islamic state since it contains elements which are contrary to Islamic legal principles. Unlike Saudi constitution which declares Islam as a source of law, Jordan constitution declares Islam only as a religion of state. It is, however, not clear what it implies. Nonetheless, one can see the consequences of Islam being declared as a religion of state, in the legal system, where there is duality of courts. Jordanian courts are divided into secular and religious courts. While religious courts are not only Islamic but also ecclesial or Christian courts, which are free to decide family matters of their respective religious communities. The competence of religious courts, including Islamic, are not extended to the matters of commercial and administrative law. Therefore, matters pertaining to commercial or administrative law are decided in secular courts. Officially, Jordanian constitution declares that there are three types of courts: (i) civil courts; (ii) religious courts; and (iii) special courts. Yet, civil courts also hear criminal cases along with civil cases and cases of administrative field. Religious courts are divided into Islamic and courts of other non-Muslim communities. Both of them hear cases within scope of their competence. It is interesting that Sharia courts also hear cases which are related to the compensation of blood money where one of the parties are not Muslims. Compensation of blood-money, otherwise called diya, is one of the old features of Islamic criminal law and it is surprising that it is not in competence of secular courts but religious. The constitution does not define how special courts function, leaving this matter to the law. Yet, there are tribunals which are designed to interpret law and one of them is High Tribunal, the purpose of which to interpret constitution when required by government. It is also necessary to provide brief overview about Shari ââ¬Ëa, which occupies significant position in Jordanian legislation. Sharia, otherwise called Islamic law, is one of the ancient systems of law that has been preserved since 7 century A.D. with some modifications. The sources of Sharia, according to Muslim belief, are Quran and Sunna. First being Holy Book of Islamic religion and second are traditions or precedents of Prophet of Islam. Besides, official Islamic dogma declares that Islamic jurisprudence functions according to four sources of law, Quran, Sunna, ijma and qiyas. Ijma, otherwise called consensus is being interpreted differently by four schools of Islamic law and same goes with qiyas, which is otherwise called analogy. Four schools of Islamic law that has emerged at different periods of time during first century of Islam, mainly diverge upon interpretation of major or secondary sources of Islamic law. Islamic law does not recognize freedom of contract and prohibits such elements of trade and economy as charging interest, fortuity and gambling. In order to comply with these principles, Islamic lawyers has developed certain methods and forms which would allow Muslim to operate in one or another way in business world. One of the remarkable features of new Islamic jurisprudence is creation of Islamic banking, which replaces interest with profit-and-loss sharing concept, Islamic insurance that operates in almost similar fashion and other new concepts as Islamic bonds, otherwise called sukkuk. As far as intellectual property concerned, Islamic law protects inviolability of property as well as its manifestations in different forms. The same applies to any form of intellectual property, be it trademark or invention. Arbitration in Islamic law is unique, since arbitration has been inherent to Arab culture and was called hakama. Hakams were arbitrators in ancient Arabia and judged according to Arab customs and traditions. Therefore, there is nothing new in arbitration which is not familiar to Islamic lawyers. In last century, the position of Islamic law in disputes that were decided in arbitration courts was widely ignored. It is evident from several cases. In Petroleum Development (Trucial Coasts) Ltd. V. Shaikh of Abu Dhabi, Lord Asquith, the arbitrator ironically observed: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦it would be fanciful to suggest that in this very primitive region there is any settled body of legal principles applicable to the construction of modern commercial instrumentsâ⬠. Another remark, done by arbitrator in Ruler of Qatar v. International Marine Oil Company Ltd., was bitterer and arrogant: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦I am satisfied that the [Islamic] law does not contain any principles which would be sufficient to interpret this particular contractâ⬠. Such excesses and bitter remarks were summed up and characterized in the following terms: ââ¬Å"In general, the legal community throughout the Arab world is still manifesting its hostility to transnational arbitration mainly as a result of the great publicity devoted to the criticism of certain unfortunate arbitral awards rendered as of 1951 by western arbitrators who excluded, with terms of a humiliating nature, the application of the national applicable legal systems of countries like Abu Dhabi or Qatarâ⬠. It should be also noted that Jordanian legislation does not fully implement precepts of Islamic law such as prohibition of interest or insurance. There are banks and insurance companies in Jordan which operate according to Western principles of banking and insurance. The companies and banks in Jordan are free to operate in the mode they choose to be most efficient for them. There is no hindrance on the part of Jordanian government in this sense. Defining Islamic Law There is no single or unified definition of Islamic law. Various scholars offer various definitions. I shall not go into each definition offered but shall arbitrarily explicate some of them. One of the famous scholars of Islamic law, Joseph Schacht offered an interesting definition for Islamic law: ââ¬Å"Islamic law is the epitome of the Islamic spirit, the most typical manifestation of the Islamic way of life, the kernel of Islam itselfâ⬠. Goitein, it seems, offered more precise and comprehensive definition: ââ¬Å"Islamic religion is characterised by the prominence of legal conceptions in its systems: The Sharia, or holy law, is its very essence and Fiqh, or religious jurisprudence, is its science (ââ¬Ëilm) par excellence. The minute observation of many commandments is its most conspicuous practical aspect; the free fellowship of religious scholars, who do not need authorisation by any government to interpret, develop and apply its law, is its most representative body, and even purely legal sections of the Fiqh are studied as an act of worshipâ⬠. These two definitions are not exhaustive but reflect true essence of Islamic law. Schachts ââ¬Ëway of life and Goiteins ââ¬Ëreligious jurisprudence constitute what is called Shariah in Arabic. Moreover, Islamic law cannot be compared with common or continental legal systems. It is because latter do deal and embrace all areas of law, whereas Islamic law mostly deal with private law, leaving aside public law. Therefore, the claim of some countries that since their legislation is based on Shariah, their law is being regulated by divine law is not correct. The Shariah only applies to matters of private law in these countries and the public law has been imported from Western models. The majority of scholars have long been recognizing Quran as a major source of Islamic law, sometimes without examining what it stands for. It was Schacht who first suggested that Shafii, prominent Islamic jurist, paid merely lip-service to Quran as a source of law in his jurisprudential theory. Certainly, major principles of Islamic law has been deducted from Quran but it is only a major and in a number of cases, we discover that Muslim jurists are dependant or totally reliant on other sources rather than Quran without hesitation. The holy book of Islam or Muslims all over the world, Quran is believed by Muslims to have been revealed via Archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, who is regarded by Muslims as both Prophet and Messenger of God. Quran is law but law in a spiritual sense. If you ask a Muslim: What is your law (Sharia)? He or she would respond: ââ¬Å"Quranâ⬠without realizing whether it is spiritual or actual law. For the purposes of present study, Quran is a source of law but to a limited extent since a major proportion of rules and judgments is being extracted from other sources of law and via different methods of legal reasoning. It is not however realized by ordinary Muslim as such, and even by Muslim jurist, who would suggest that sources for such rulings is Sharia and all rules, embodied in Sharia are immutable and should not be a subject of any challenge by anyone. Before turning to critical points, it is crucial to explore basics of Quran. Quran is the holy book of Islamic religion. It is said to have been revealed during 23 years, once Prophet Muhammed started his mission among Arab people. The Quran derives from the word ââ¬Ëqara which denotes in Arabic, reciting or reading. It is also asserted that with a same meaning it is cited in Old Testament in Hebrew language. There are other names which are designed for Quran, such as ââ¬ËQuran al-Majid or ââ¬Ëal-Quran ash-Sharif or ââ¬ËFurqan, etc. For the purpose of present study, it shall be called Quran, which is rather easy to refer and this way we shall avoid confusion. The divine legislation is said to have been established through revelation of Quran in stages as I have mentioned earlier. The modern scholars as well as classic jurists were still unsure about precise role of Quran as a source of legislation. It is not clear whether the role of Quran corresponds to the hierarchy where it has been hoisted to the primary position. In fact, Quran has never been a primary source as we understand a primacy in modern jurisprudence. Muslim jurists would often rule according to verse of Quran but not a principle or spirit that it implies. They would pay a lip-service to Quran as a source of all legislation, but in fact they would disregard those rules of Quran that should have been regarded in specific occasion. The precise role of Quran is difficult to define; it is because the primacy of Quran has been overshadowed by other sources and methods of law. Quran has always been mentioned along with Sunna, second sources of Islamic law which we shall have occasion to discuss in the next paragraph. In order to demonstrate the position of Quran as a source of law, let us look at some examples of utilization of Quran in classic Islamic jurisprudence. The Prophetic Traditions or hadith as called in Arabic form a second source of law in hierarchy of sources of Islamic law and jurisprudence. It does not only occupy this position indeed but sometimes shares dominancy with Quran. The difference that emerged between Muslim jurists and later led to establishment of schools of law was caused by diverging interpretation of Prophetic Tradition. From liberal approach of Hanafis to strict compliance of Zahiris, they all dispute on nature of Prophetic Traditions as a source of law. Sometimes their conflict went as far as one realise that it is rather absurdity than logical argument. The word ââ¬Ëijma, which is basically translated as ââ¬Ëcollecting or ââ¬Ëassembling, in a legal sense has caused a lot of debates over its validity. It is sometimes viewed as a consensus of either jurists or Muslims in general. Some assert that it is consensus of early Muslims Companions over common postulates of faith and religion. The consensus might be reached if it is unanimously adopted in practice or ââ¬Ëcustom as in the case of international law. Second, consensus might be uttered in respect of certain ruling by majority of either scholars or jurists. Finally, it can be ââ¬Ëe silentio support for certain opinion by majority of jurists that have the right to adjudicate their independent opinion. It is not clear from Islamic jurisprudential theory when ijma should be employed and what certain conditions are. Some jurists, Hanafi, for instance, usually in their judgments, say ââ¬Ëthere has been consensus on this issue or ââ¬Ëquestion but they never clarified how and why such consensus has been reached among them. We also do not know whether we may employ ijma concept in modern context and whether it shall be binding on all Muslims or adopted by them as a constituent part of Islamic law. In Sunni jurisprudence, we know that by way of ijma, certain jurists united into groups affiliated with dominating opinion of single jurist, which later became known as ââ¬Ëschools of law or ââ¬Ëmadhahib. It has also been asserted that ijma on common legal issues has been reached in eighth century by respective founders of ââ¬Ëmadhahib; there is no way to re-visit these concepts or judgments. When speaking of analogy principle in Islamic law, it is not clear whether it is absolute or not or whether it is logically applicable to all cases. The word ââ¬Ëqiyas itself means ââ¬Ëto compare and it is regarded as one of the major sources of Islamic law. Islamic jurists themselves stipulate four predominant conditions of analogy: The precept or practice upon which it is founded must be of common (amm) and not of special (khass) application; The cause (ââ¬Ëilla) of the injunction must be known and understood; The decision must be based upon either the Quran, the Sunna, or the Ijma; The decision arrived at must not be contrary to anything declared elsewhere in the Quran and Sunna. The fourth stipulation raises some concerns. As we have discussed earlier, there are a lot of contradictions between Quran and Sunna, and even within Quran and within Sunna. The jurists attempted to decide such contradictions by asserting that there cannot be hypothetically any conflicts between these sources and even within these sources; they exist and it is reality. This factor also serves as a great hindrance in deriving rules or judgments from primary sources of Islamic law. Even though these rules has been developed and elaborated by jurists; there are still a lot of controversies with application of this principle. It is caused by a different degree of application in schools of law and conflict between jurists whether such analogy might be applied when the necessity in such application is clear. Thus, for instance, it is not clear why principle of justice embodied in Quran might not be equally applied to all subjects of Islamic state, be it Muslim or non-Muslim. Normally, Islamic jurist would object saying that since Quran is only for Muslims, its injunctions are only applicable to Muslims. There is no logic which might be applied but incoherence in reasoning, sometimes leading to absurd conclusions. Concluding Remarks In present chapter, we have discussed general legal conceptions that exist in Jordanian and Islamic law. There is a big difference between them because of the nature of legislation. Islamic law is mainly religious, whereas Jordanian is secular; even though Constitution claims that Islamic is a state religion. In majority of Islamic countries, a fact that Islamic is a religion of state is merely lip-service to Islamic as a religion of people. It does not go further than that, except some countries as Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. But even legislation of these countries demonstrates how secular they are in their nature. It does not however mean that Jordan lack of Islamic legal taste; there are some aspects of Islamic law in Jordanian legislation, as we have seen previously. The matters of marriage, divorce, inheritance and religious endowment are mainly under realms of Islamic law. Yet, on the other hands, similar matters that arise with other religious communities are decided based on their respective religious law. However, the matters which are related to arbitration and intellectual property are mainly based on secular, precisely on European model based laws. Therefore, purpose of forthcoming chapters will be to examine whether they comply with Islamic law in general. Arbitration System In Jordan And Compliance With Islamic Law And Its Implications For Intellectual Property Law This chapter summarizes the current state of arbitration system in Jordan and issue of its compliance with Islamic law. It is done with purpose to acquaint readers with main aspects of these systems and legislation, so he or she has full understanding when looking through forthcoming chapters. Arbitration In Jordan The arbitration process in Jordan is being regulated by special law Law No. 31 of 2001 otherwise called Jordan Arbitration Law. It is not unique; neither has it been adopted from international law, but from Egyptian Arbitration Act No. 27 of 1994, which in turn has been adopted from UNCITRAL Model Law 1985. The law consists of 7 parts and 56 articles. It can be structured thus: (1) General provisions (Articles 1-8); (2) Arbitration agreement (Articles 9-13); (3) Arbitration tribunal (Articles 14-23); (4) Arbitration proceedings (Articles 24-35); (5) Arbitral award and termination proceedings (Articles 36-47); (6) Nullity of arbitral award (Articles 48-51); (7) Enforcement of awards (Articles 52-56). The Art. 3 makes the scope of law absolute; it extends to any arbitration proceedings in Jordan and to any cases whether they derive from contractual dispute or not. Neither does it differentiate between commercial or civil disputes; both of them are within scope of this law. The Art. 5 allows not only contracting parties to choose the arbitration procedure but also a third party which shall be able to choose such procedure. The Art. 8 explicitly prohibits the intervention by state courts; yet, it stipulates that the arbitration tribunal may ask the intervention of state courts where former needs the participation of experts, witnesses, etc. As far as arbitration agreement is concerned, Art. 9 allows only those persons, be it physical or legal, which has legal capacity, to conclude such agreement. It does not allow arbitration on matters which are on ââ¬Å"amiable compositeaurâ⬠basis. The arbitration agreement is valid only if in writing, according to Art. 10a, yet, the form of written agreement is flexible. It can be contained in exchange of letters, faxes, etc. It has been also reaffirmed by Jordanian Court of Cassation which stated: ââ¬Å"the arbitration clause as established should be written, clear and explicit as well, by virtue of Article 10/A of the Arbitration Law No. 31of 2001â⬠. The law also allows parties to render their dispute to arbitration whilst in state court, in which case state court has the right to refer to arbitration tribunal and its reference shall be viewed as arbitration agreement in writing. As far as arbitration tribunal concerned, Art. 14a and b, establishes that number of arbitrators shall be odd, otherwise it is void. If there is a disagreement between parties then number of arbitrators is three. Noteworthy, the law reaffirms the independence of arbitration clause, which is according to Art. 22, is not dependent on other clause of underlying contract. The language of arbitration proceedings is Arabic but law allows the use of another language or other languages upon consent of parties, according to Art. 28a. Most importantly, Art. 17 upheld the principle of impartiality and independence of arbitrators and in elaboration of this provision Court of Cassation further held: ââ¬Å"all arbitral procedures, in which the challenged arbitrator has participated, including the arbitral award, shall be deemed voidâ⬠. These are the major aspects of arbitration law in Jordan. Besides, Jordan has also ratified the New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards by the virtue of Jordanian Court of Cassation, where it was remarked: ââ¬Å"It is understood from the Article (2) of Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Law No. 8 of 1952 that the foreign arbitral award which has been enforced and ratified by the forum court , shall be enforceable in Jordan in accordance with all the clauses and requirements, and does not conflict with any of the stipulated provisions of Article (7) of the said lawâ⬠. The ratification of New York Convention by Jordan should be viewed as positive development and attractive for the foreign companies who wish to deal with Jordanian companies or invest in Jordan. The same applies to IP disputes; any company which would challenge Jordanian company with the claim of breach of copyright or violation of other forms of intellectual property, are in convenience in the view of ratification of New York Convention. However, in his study of issues pertaining enforcement, Haddad critically commented: ââ¬Å"Turning again to Jordanian Law which provides, as has just been seen, that a foreign award must be enforceable in the place in which it was issued, which means that the award should have been reduced to a judgment in the foreign countryâ⬠. It implies that Jordanian legislation does not recognise validity of foreign judgement as enforceable in Jordan. But he noted that ââ¬Å"this approach may be criticized since it may be difficult in practice or even impossible to achieve this goal in certain circumstances, particularly in institutional arbitration. In this type of arbitration, it may happen that the parties involved in the proceedings including the arbitrators, and all other relevant factors have no relation whatsoever with the place of arbitration except that the proceedings were conducted there. In such a case, the foreign court may reasonably reject to enforce the award rendered in its country, and that means that the award may not be enforced in Jordan eitherâ⬠. In such dubious situation, it is unclear how Jordanian legislation on arbitration would cope with this kind of problem. It seems to be paradoxical situation because award cannot be enforced either domestically or locally. It will also have some implication for enforcement of foreign arbitral awards on intellectual property rights since majority of arbitral awards may not be enforced in foreign country since its enforcement should be accomplished in Jordan because of object of dispute. In such case, it is difficult to predict how arbitration courts and moreover state courts would deal with it. Enforcement Of Foreign Arbitration Awards In Jordan One of the problems that foreign company may encounter in Jordan is the problem of enforcement of award related to IP cases in Jordan. It is clear that certain IP cases may intervene with public policy and in this regard it is nearly impossible to assert such possibility may not arise. IP legislation in Jordan being in immature position sometimes may not offer effective solutions for parties which are from different countries. In this regard, one should closely take a look at public policy issues in Jordan. According to IP legislation, certain names cannot be registered as trademarks in Jordan. However: what if the name of foreign company or brand coincides with the name trademark registration of which is illegal in Jordan? The company in this case would face difficulties in carrying out business and moreover it would face difficulties in enforcing award that has been rendered in foreign or international arbitration court. The case of Mitsubishi in U.S. showed how difficult it is to determine whether one case is subject to public policy or not. It has changed the contours of arbitrability in U.S. but the question arises: can such case have implication for Jordanian arbitration system? One can answer positively, but one would be confused when it comes to IP arbitration. IP arbitration, as it has been seen, is a difficult and complex matter. It cannot be simply adjusted as in the case of ordinary commercial arbitration. The IP legislation is diverse and this diversity may imply negative consequences for arbitration, since arbitrators should be expertise in all areas Adriana Malloryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12797609911412904407noreply@blogger.com0